Unit 5 – Breaking point
Vocabulary pp 42-43 – Describing the causes of faults
The definitions and sample sentences:
1. Prevent (v) - Önlemek
• Definition: To stop something from happening or to take action to avoid it.
• Sample Sentence: Engineers implement safety measures to prevent accidents in the aviation industry.
2. Deal with (v) - Başa çıkmak
• Definition: To handle or manage a situation or problem.
• Sample Sentence: Engineers must learn how to deal with unexpected equipment malfunctions.
3. Aviation (n) - Havacılık
• Definition: The design, development, and operation of aircraft.
• Sample Sentence: Aviation has revolutionized the way we travel and transport goods.
4. Checklists (n) - Kontrol listeleri
• Definition: Lists of items or tasks to be checked or completed in a systematic way.
• Sample Sentence: Pilots use checklists to ensure that all necessary pre-flight checks are completed.
5. Standard procedures (n) - Standart prosedürler
• Definition: Established and commonly followed methods or processes.
• Sample Sentence: Standard procedures are crucial in maintaining aircraft safety.
6. Back-up installations (n) - Yedek kurulumlar (ana sistem ya da ekipmanın arızalanması durumunda devreye giren)
• Definition: Secondary systems or equipment that can be used in case of a failure in the primary ones.
• Sample Sentence: Aircraft are equipped with back-up installations to ensure redundancy.
7. Planned maintenance (n) - Planlı bakım
• Definition: Scheduled and organized maintenance activities.
• Sample Sentence: Regular planned maintenance helps extend the lifespan of engines.
8. Initial (adj) - İlk
• Definition: Related to the beginning or starting point.
• Sample Sentence: The initial phase of the project involves design and planning.
9. Unseen (adj) - Görünmeyen
• Definition: Not visible or not noticed.
• Sample Sentence: Hidden corrosion can cause unseen damage to aircraft structures.
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10. Consequence (n) - Sonuç
• Definition: The result or outcome of an action or situation.
• Sample Sentence: Ignoring safety protocols can have serious consequences in aviation.
11. Subsequent (adj) - Sonraki
• Definition: Following in time or order; occurring or coming after something else.
• Sample Sentence: Subsequent tests confirmed the effectiveness of the new design.
12. Incorrect (adj) - Yanlış
• Definition: Not correct or accurate; wrong.
• Sample Sentence: Using incorrect measurements can lead to engineering errors.
13. To be fitted to (v) – bir şeye monte edilmek, takılmak
• Definition: To be installed or attached to something.
• Sample Sentence: These sensors need to be fitted to the aircraft's control system.
14. Oversized (adj) – normalden ya da standart ölçülerden daha büyük
• Definition: Larger than the standard size or what is considered normal.
• Sample Sentence: The oversized cargo required special handling during transport.
15. Undersized (adj) – normalden ya da standart ölçülerden daha küçük
• Definition: Smaller than the standard size or what is considered normal.
• Sample Sentence: Undersized components may not meet safety requirements.
16. Clearance (n) - Boşluk, izin
• Definition: The space or gap between objects or permission to proceed.
• Sample Sentence: Ensure there is enough clearance for the aircraft to taxi safely.
17. Subsequently (adv) - Daha sonra
• Definition: Happening or occurring after something else.
• Sample Sentence: The problem was discovered during routine checks and subsequently fixed.
18. Rub (v) – Sürtmek, sürtünmek
• Definition: To move or press something against another surface with friction.
• Sample Sentence: Continuous rubbing can cause wear and tear on mechanical parts.
19. Wear (v) - Aşınmak
• Definition: To gradually deteriorate or erode due to friction or use.
• Sample Sentence: Regular maintenance helps prevent excessive wear on engine components.
20. Progressively (adv) - Aşamalı olarak
• Definition: In a gradual or step-by-step manner.
• Sample Sentence: The software update will be rolled out progressively to avoid disruptions.
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21. Go undetected (v) - Tespit edilmemek
• Definition: Not be discovered or noticed.
• Sample Sentence: Minor defects in the structure can sometimes go undetected.
22. Rupture (v) - Patlamak, yırtılmak
• Definition: To break or burst suddenly.
• Sample Sentence: A rupture in the fuel line can lead to a dangerous situation.
23. Glide (v) – havada motor gücü olmadan süzülmek
• Definition: To move smoothly and steadily through the air without power.
• Sample Sentence: In an emergency, pilots may need to glide the aircraft to safety.
24. Sequence (n) - Sıra, dizi
• Definition: A series of related events or actions that follow a specific order.
• Sample Sentence: Follow the correct sequence of startup procedures for the engine.
25. Abnormal (adj) - Anormal
• Definition: Deviating from what is considered normal or typical.
• Sample Sentence: The abnormal noise from the engine indicates a problem.
26. Anomaly (n) - Anomali, düzensizlik
• Definition: Something that is unusual or doesn't fit the expected pattern.
• Sample Sentence: Detecting anomalies in data is essential for quality control.
27. Imminent (adj) - Yakın, eli kulağında
• Definition: About to happen or occur very soon.
• Sample Sentence: The imminent launch of the satellite has the team excited.
28. Imminent danger (n) - Tehlike anı, yakın tehlike
• Definition: A situation where a threat or harm is about to occur immediately.
• Sample Sentence: The pilot's quick thinking saved the aircraft from imminent danger.
29. Disproportionate (adj) - Orantısız
• Definition: Out of proportion or not in balance with something else.
• Sample Sentence: The weight distribution in the cargo hold was disproportionate.
30. Irregular (adj) - Düzensiz, düzensizlik gösteren
• Definition: Not following a regular or predictable pattern; uneven.
• Sample Sentence: The irregular shape of the component caused assembly issues.
31. Alert (v) - Uyarı vermek
• Definition: To warn or notify someone about a potential danger or problem.
• Sample Sentence: The sensor system is designed to alert the crew to any anomalies.
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32. Imbalance (n) - Dengesizlik
• Definition: A lack of balance or an unequal distribution.
• Sample Sentence: An imbalance in weight can affect the aircraft's stability.
33. Malfunction (n) - Arıza, işlev bozukluğu
• Definition: A failure or problem in the proper functioning of a machine or system.
• Sample Sentence: The technician quickly identified the source of the malfunction.
34. Malfunction (v) - Arıza yapmak, işlev bozukluğu göstermek
• Definition: To fail to function correctly or as intended.
• Sample Sentence: The engine malfunctioned during the test run.
35. Reveal (v) - Ortaya çıkarmak, açığa çıkarmak
• Definition: To make something known or visible that was previously hidden or secret.
• Sample Sentence: The inspection revealed a crack in the aircraft's fuselage.
36. Cross-feed valve (n) - Çapraz besleme valfi
• Definition: A valve used to transfer fluids or gases between different parts of a system.
• Sample Sentence: The cross-feed valve ensures fuel is distributed evenly between tanks.
37. Divert (v) - Yönlendirmek, başka bir yere yönlendirmek
• Definition: To redirect or send something to a different destination or course.
• Sample Sentence: Bad weather forced the pilot to divert the flight to an alternate airport.
38. Flame out (v) - Alev almadan sönme
• Definition: To extinguish suddenly, typically in reference to an engine flame.
• Sample Sentence: The engine flame out was a result of fuel supply issues.
39. Emergency ram air turbine (n) - Acil rüzgarla çalışan türbin
• Definition: A device that generates power from the airflow during an aircraft emergency.
• Sample Sentence: The emergency ram air turbine provided essential electrical power during the blackout.
40. Deploy (v) - Yerleştirmek, açmak
• Definition: To position or activate equipment or resources for use.
• Sample Sentence: The parachute is designed to deploy automatically in emergencies.
41. Fly-by-wire controls and instruments (n) - Kablosuz kontroller ve aletlerle uçmak
• Definition: Aircraft control systems that use electronic signals instead of mechanical linkages.
• Sample Sentence: Fly-by-wire controls and instruments have improved aircraft safety and efficiency.
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42. Operable (adj) - Çalışabilir, işlevsel
• Definition: Capable of functioning or working as intended.
• Sample Sentence: The emergency exit must always be operable in case of evacuation.
43. Inoperable (adj) - Çalışmaz, işlevsiz
• Definition: Not functioning or unable to operate.
• Sample Sentence: The inoperable landing gear required an emergency landing procedure.
44. Airborne (adj) - Havada, uçakta
• Definition: In flight or flying in the air.
• Sample Sentence: The aircraft was airborne within minutes of takeoff.
45. Manually (adv) - El ile, manuel olarak
• Definition: By human effort or without automation.
• Sample Sentence: The pilot had to manually adjust the altitude due to a sensor malfunction.
46. Automatically (adv) - Otomatik olarak
• Definition: Without human intervention, typically using sensors or automation.
• Sample Sentence: The system can automatically adjust engine power for optimal performance.
47. Spectacular (adj) - Göz alıcı, muhteşem
• Definition: Impressive and visually striking in a dramatic way.
• Sample Sentence: The airshow featured spectacular aerobatic maneuvers.
48. Shaft (n) - Mil, şaft
• Definition: A long, slender rod or axle used for transmitting motion or power.
• Sample Sentence: The shaft connects the engine to the propeller.
49. Across (sth) - Boyunca, üzerinden
• Definition: From one side to the other or covering a surface.
• Sample Sentence: The cables run across the entire length of the bridge.
50. Consistent (adj) - Tutarlı, uyumlu
• Definition: Maintaining the same behavior, standards, or characteristics over time.
• Sample Sentence: Engineers aim to achieve consistent product quality.
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Read the the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):
Investigating the Root Causes of Faults in Engineering Systems
Engineering systems, from aircraft to manufacturing plants, are marvels of human ingenuity, designed to operate with precision and efficiency. However, even the most meticulously engineered systems can experience faults and failures. In this article, we delve into the intricate world of engineering to explore the multifaceted causes of these faults.
One of the primary triggers of faults in engineering systems is the failure to meticulously adhere to standard procedures. Engineers and technicians are trained to follow strict protocols during installation, maintenance, and operation. However, deviations from these established procedures can lead to incorrect installations or routine checklists not being properly completed. Such lapses can result in a sequence of events that ultimately lead to an imbalance or malfunction within the system. In aviation, for instance, neglecting the recommended sequence of pre-flight checks can result in an imminent danger situation.
Wear and tear on critical components is another common contributor to faults. The gradual rubbing of moving parts against each other, without proper lubrication or maintenance, can lead to progressive damage. This deterioration is exacerbated if oversized or undersized components are used, as they may not provide the required clearance for smooth operation. Over time, these irregularities can culminate in a rupture or other catastrophic failures, which often go undetected until a crisis emerges.
Furthermore, the role of data anomalies and irregular sensor readings should not be underestimated. Modern engineering systems rely heavily on data monitoring and feedback. An abnormal reading from a cross-feed valve, for example, might signify an underlying malfunction within the system. Failure to recognize and address these anomalies in a timely manner can result in unexpected consequences.
In the aviation industry, flame-outs due to fuel supply issues are an example of how faults can manifest dramatically. A malfunctioning fuel system can cause the engine to become inoperable, putting the aircraft in an emergency situation. In such cases, pilots must swiftly deploy emergency ram air turbines to maintain essential power and control, highlighting the critical importance of operable backup installations.
In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the causes of faults in engineering systems is paramount for accident prevention and ensuring the unwavering reliability of technological marvels. Engineers, technicians, and operators must consistently adhere to standard procedures, diligently monitor wear and tear, and remain vigilant for anomalies in the data. By addressing these issues with due care and attention, the likelihood of faults and their potentially catastrophic consequences can be substantially reduced, resulting in safer, more resilient, and efficient engineering systems.
1. What is the primary reason for faults in engineering systems?
a) Lack of skilled technicians c) Excessive wear and tear
b) Deviation from standard procedures d) Data anomalies
2. In the context of engineering systems, what is the significance of wear and tear on components?
a) It enhances system performance c) It causes progressive damage
b) It accelerates component replacement d) It has no impact on system reliability
3. What is the potential consequence of using oversized or undersized components in an engineering system?
a) Improved efficiency c) Smooth operation
b) Clearance optimization d) Irregularities leading to failure
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4. What role do data anomalies play in identifying faults?
a) They are always indicative of a major problem. c) They can provide early warning signs of potential issues.
b) They can be ignored if other readings are normal. d) They are only relevant in aviation systems.
5. What do pilots do in the event of a flame-out due to fuel supply issues?
a) Ignore the issue and continue flying c) Adjust the fuel mixture manually
b) Deploy emergency ram air turbines d) Request immediate landing clearance
6. What is the critical importance of operable backup installations?
a) They can compensate for human error during operation.
b) They provide additional functionality to the system.
c) They allow for routine maintenance without downtime.
d) They can save lives in emergency situations.
7. What does "progressive damage" refer to in the text?
a) Gradual deterioration over time c) Damage caused by data anomalies
b) Sudden and severe damage d) Damage that goes undetected
8. Based on the article, which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for preventing faults?
a) Regularly checking for wear and tear on components
b) Ignoring unusual data readings from sensors
c) Strictly adhering to established procedures
d) Diligently maintaining and lubricating moving parts
Answers and explanations
1. What is the primary reason for faults in engineering systems?
Answer: b) Deviation from standard procedures
Explanation: The text states that one of the primary causes of faults in engineering systems is the failure to adhere to standard procedures.
2. In the context of engineering systems, what is the significance of wear and tear on components?
Answer: c) It causes progressive damage
Explanation: The text explains that wear and tear on components can lead to progressive damage over time.
3. What is the potential consequence of using oversized or undersized components in an engineering system?
Answer: d) Irregularities leading to failure
Explanation: The text mentions that using oversized or undersized components can result in irregularities that may lead to system failure.
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4. What role do data anomalies play in identifying faults?
Answer: c) They can provide early warning signs of potential issues.
Explanation: The passage highlights the importance of recognizing data anomalies as indicators of underlying malfunctions. Other options are inaccurate or too extreme.
5. What do pilots do in the event of a flame-out due to fuel supply issues?
Answer: b) Deploy emergency ram air turbines
Explanation: The text explains that pilots must deploy emergency ram air turbines in the event of a flame-out due to fuel supply issues.
6. What is the critical importance of operable backup installations?
Answer: d) They can save lives in emergency situations.
Explanation: The text emphasizes the life-saving capability of backup systems when primary systems fail, especially in the context of aviation emergencies.
7. What does "progressive damage" refer to in the text?
Answer: a) Gradual deterioration over time
Explanation: "Progressive damage" in the text refers to the gradual deterioration of components over time.
8. Based on the article, which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for preventing faults?
Answer: b) Ignoring unusual data readings from sensors
Explanation: The entire piece emphasizes the importance of recognizing and addressing data anomalies. All other options are recommended practices for preventing faults.
Fill in the blanks using correct words from the list below.
a. automatically b. imbalance c. go undetected d. oversized e. rupture f. clearance g. wear h. abnormal i. operable j. manually
1. Using _____________ components can lead to problems as they may not fit properly within the system.
2. The recommended _____________ between moving parts should be maintained to prevent friction.
3. Continuous _____________ of engine components can lead to premature failure.
4. The technician had to _____________ adjust the settings to bring the system back online.
5. A _____________ in the pipeline can lead to a significant loss of pressure and product.
6. An _____________ reading from a sensor might indicate a potential problem within the system.
7. An _____________ in the distribution of weight in the cargo hold can affect the aircraft's stability.
8. The backup generator ensures that critical systems remain _____________ during power outages.
9. The software is designed to _____________ update itself to the latest version when connected to the internet.
10. Minor issues in the system may _____________ during routine inspections if not carefully examined.
Answer key: 1. d 2. f 3. g 4. j 5. e 6. h 7. b 8. i 9. a 10. c
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