Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries
Vocabulary pp 84-85 – Describing capabilities and limitations
The definitions and sample sentences:
1.Capability (n) / Yetenek
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi başarma yeteneği veya kapasitesi.
•English Definition: The ability or capacity to achieve something.
•Sample Sentence: The new engine has the capability to generate higher power output.
•Turkish Translation: Yeni motor daha yüksek güç çıkışı üretme yeteneğine sahiptir.
2.To be capable of (v) / -e yetenekli olmak
•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi başarma yeteneğine sahip olmak.
•English Definition: To have the ability to achieve an action.
•Sample Sentence: The bridge design is capable of withstanding strong winds.
•Turkish Translation: Köprü tasarımı güçlü rüzgarlara dayanma yeteneğine sahiptir.
3.To be incapable of (v) / -e yeteneksiz olmak
•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi gerçekleştirmeye yeteneği olmamak.
•English Definition: To lack the ability to achieve an action.
•Sample Sentence: The old machinery is incapable of meeting modern production demands.
•Turkish Translation: Eski makine modern üretim taleplerini karşılama yeteneğine sahip değildir.
4.Limitation (n) / Sınırlama
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin yapabilecekleri veya başarabilecekleriyle ilgili sınırlar.
•English Definition: Boundaries or restrictions concerning what something can do or achieve.
•Sample Sentence: The weight limitation of the crane restricts its lifting capacity.
•Turkish Translation: Vinçin kaldırma kapasitesini sınırlayan ağırlık sınırlaması.
5.Sled (n) / Kızak
•Turkish Definition: Kar üstünde veya buzda kaydırmak için kullanılan tahta veya metal platform.
•English Definition: A platform made of wood or metal used for sliding on snow or ice.
•Sample Sentence: The sled is used to test the aerodynamic properties of vehicle prototypes.
•Turkish Translation: Kızak, araç prototiplerinin aerodinamik özelliklerini test etmek için kullanılır.
6.Detonate (v) / Patlamak
•Turkish Definition: Patlamaya neden olmak veya patlamak.
•English Definition: To cause to explode or to explode suddenly.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers detonated the explosive charges to demolish the old building.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, eski binayı yıkmak için patlayıcı şarjları patlattılar.
7.Terrific roar (n) / Korkunç gürültü
•Turkish Definition: Korkunç veya korkutucu bir gürültü.
•English Definition: A loud or terrifying noise.
•Sample Sentence: The engine's terrific roar echoed through the valley during the test.
•Turkish Translation: Motorun müthiş gürültüsü test sırasında vadide yankılandı.
8.Send out (v) / Göndermek
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi belirli bir yöne doğru göndermek veya yollamak.
•English Definition: To cause something to be directed or transmitted in a particular direction.
•Sample Sentence: The radar system sends out electromagnetic waves to detect objects.
•Turkish Translation: Radar sistemi nesneleri tespit etmek için elektromanyetik dalgalar gönderir.
9.Trails of fire (n) / Alev izleri
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin arkasında veya peşinde bıraktığı ateş izleri.
•English Definition: Lines or streaks of fire left behind something.
•Sample Sentence: The rocket left trails of fire as it ascended into the sky.
•Turkish Translation: Roket gökyüzüne yükseldiğinde alev izleri bıraktı.
10.Blast sb/sth down (v) / Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.
•Turkish Definition: Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.
•English Definition: To demolish someone or something with a destructive explosion.
•Sample Sentence: The demolition crew blasted down the old bridge to make way for the new construction.
•Turkish Translation: Yıkım ekibi, yeni inşaat için yol yapmak için eski köprüyü patlatıp yere indirdi..
11.The water brake (n) / Su freni
•Turkish Definition: Bir makinenin hızını veya gücünü kontrol etmek için suyun direncini kullanan bir fren sistemi.
•English Definition: A braking system that uses water resistance to control the speed or power of a machine.
•Sample Sentence: The water brake is used in dynamometer testing to simulate real-world conditions.
•Turkish Translation: Su freni, dinamometre testlerinde gerçek dünya koşullarını simüle etmek için kullanılır.
12.To be mounted on sth (v) / Bir şeye monte edilmek
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin üzerine yerleştirilmek veya bağlanmak.
•English Definition: To be attached or fixed onto something.
•Sample Sentence: The camera is mounted on the robotic arm to capture precise movements.
•Turkish Translation: Kamera, hassas hareketleri yakalamak için robotik kola monte edilir.
13.Envisage (v) / Öngörmek
•Turkish Definition: Bir olayın veya durumun gelecekteki olası sonuçlarını görmek veya tahmin etmek.
•English Definition: To imagine or foresee the potential outcomes of an event or situation.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers envisage a future where renewable energy sources dominate the energy sector.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının enerji sektörünü domine ettiği bir gelecek öngörüyorlar.
14.Rough calculations (n) / Kabataslak hesaplamalar
•Turkish Definition: Kesin olmayan veya ayrıntılı olmayan matematiksel hesaplamalar.
•English Definition: Mathematical calculations that are not precise or detailed.
•Sample Sentence: The engineer made rough calculations to estimate the load-bearing capacity of the bridge.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, köprünün taşıma kapasitesini tahmin etmek için kabataslak hesaplamalar yaptı.
15.Progressive acceleration (n) / Kademeli ivme
•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla artması.
•English Definition: The gradual increase in speed over time.
•Sample Sentence: The vehicle's progressive acceleration enhances fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.
•Turkish Translation: Araçtaki kademeli ivme, yakıt verimliliğini artırır ve emisyonları azaltır.
16.Progressive deceleration (n) / Kademeli yavaşlama
•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla azalması.
•English Definition: The gradual decrease in speed over time.
•Sample Sentence: The train's progressive deceleration ensured a smooth and comfortable stop at the station.
•Turkish Translation: Trenin kademeli yavaşlaması, istasyonda düzgün ve konforlu bir duruş sağladı.
17.Standstill (n) / Durma
•Turkish Definition: Tamamen durmuş; hareketsiz
•English Definition: A complete stop.
•Sample Sentence: The machine came to a standstill due to a malfunction in the control system.
•Turkish Translation: Makine, kontrol sistemindeki bir arıza nedeniyle tamamen durdu.
18.A safety margin (n) / Güvenlik marjı
•Turkish Definition: Beklenmedik durumlar veya hatalar için bir koruma veya yedekleme miktarı.
•English Definition: An amount of protection or backup for unexpected situations or errors.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers design structures with a safety margin to ensure resilience against unforeseen loads.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yapıların beklenmedik yükler karşısında direnç sağlamak için bir güvenlik marjıyla tasarlarlar.
19.Rail-mounted (adj) / Ray montajlı
•Turkish Definition: Bir ray üzerinde hareket edebilen veya monte edilebilen.
•English Definition: Able to move along or be mounted on a rail.
•Sample Sentence: The rail-mounted crane facilitates efficient cargo handling in industrial settings.
•Turkish Translation: Ray montajlı vinç, endüstriyel ortamlarda etkili yük taşıma sağlar.
20.Derail (v) / Raydan çıkmak
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin raylarının dışına çıkması.
•English Definition: To cause sth to leave its tracks.
•Sample Sentence: The faulty switch mechanism caused the train to derail, resulting in significant delays.
•Turkish Translation: Arızalı anahtar mekanizması, trenin raydan çıkmasına neden oldu ve önemli gecikmelere yol açtı.
21.Aerodynamic lift (n) / Aerodinamik kaldırma
•Turkish Definition: Bir cismin hava akışı nedeniyle yukarı doğru kaldırılması.
•English Definition: The upward force exerted on an object due to the flow of air.
•Sample Sentence: Aircraft wings are designed to generate aerodynamic lift to support flight.
•Turkish Translation: Uçak kanatları, uçuşu desteklemek için aerodinamik kaldırma üretmek üzere tasarlanmıştır.
22.Non-starter (n) / Başarısızlık
•Turkish Definition: Beklenen başlangıç veya başlangıçta bir şeyin gerçekleşmediği durum.
•English Definition: A situation where something expected to start or proceed fails to do so initially.
•Sample Sentence: The proposed project was deemed a non-starter due to lack of funding.
•Turkish Translation: Önerilen proje, yetersiz finansman nedeniyle bir başarısızlık olarak kabul edildi.
23.Fail-safe (adj) / Güvenli mod
•Turkish Definition: Bir arızada veya başarısızlık durumunda güvenlik sağlayan bir sistem veya tasarım.
•English Definition: A system or design that provides safety in the event of a malfunction or failure.
•Sample Sentence: The fail-safe mechanism automatically shuts down the system in case of overheating.
•Turkish Translation: Güvenli mod mekanizması, aşırı ısınma durumunda sistem otomatik olarak kapatır.
Read the text below and answer the questions.
Capabilities and Limitations in Engineering Design
In the realm of engineering, the capability of a system or design is a crucial factor to consider. A system is considered capable if it can perform its intended functions under specified conditions. For instance, an aircraft is capable of generating aerodynamic lift to counteract gravity and achieve flight. However, capabilities are not absolute and are often subject to limitations.
Limitations in engineering refer to the boundaries within which a system can operate safely and effectively. These boundaries can be defined by physical laws, material properties, or safety regulations. For example, an aircraft's capability to generate lift is limited by the maximum force its wings can withstand without structural failure.
When envisaging a new design, engineers often start with rough calculations to estimate the system's capabilities and limitations. These calculations can help determine whether the system can cope with the forces it will be subjected to, or if it will be incapable of withstanding them.
Consider a train designed for progressive acceleration and deceleration. The train's capability to accelerate is limited by the maximum power its engine can produce, while its capability to decelerate is limited by the braking system's capacity. If the train is exposed to a force that exceeds these limits, such as a steep incline or sudden stop, it may fail to cope, leading to a potential safety hazard.
To prevent such situations, engineers often incorporate a safety margin into their designs. A safety margin is an additional capacity built into the system to ensure it can withstand forces beyond its intended limits. This fail-safe approach helps to ensure that the system's capabilities surpass its anticipated requirements, reducing the risk of failure.
However, it's important to note that capabilities should not unnecessarily go beyond the system's intended functions. A design that significantly exceeds its requirements may be a non-starter due to increased cost, complexity, or size. For instance, designing a train capable of reaching supersonic speeds would be a non-starter for most public transportation applications.
In conclusion, understanding the capabilities and limitations of a system is a fundamental aspect of engineering design. It involves envisaging the system's operation, making rough calculations, considering progressive acceleration and deceleration, incorporating a safety margin, and ensuring the system can cope with and withstand the forces it will be subjected to. By doing so, engineers can create designs that are both capable and safe, without going beyond the necessary limits.
1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:
a) operate at the fastest possible speed.
b) withstand forces beyond its intended limits.
c) be built using readily available materials.
d) perform its intended functions under specified conditions.
2. Limitations in engineering design are often defined by:
a) the designer's creativity.
b) physical laws, material properties, or safety regulations.
c) the budget allocated for the project.
d) the availability of skilled labor.
3. Rough calculations in engineering design are used to:
a) estimate the system's capabilities and limitations.
b) determine the final cost of a project.
c) ensure the visual appeal of the final product.
d) guarantee the system's success in all situations.
4. The passage uses the example of a train to illustrate that limitations can affect a system's ability to:
a) generate aerodynamic lift.
b) withstand extreme weather conditions.
c) accelerate and decelerate.
d) travel long distances without refueling.
5. A safety margin in engineering design refers to:
a) the minimum force a system needs to operate.
b) the additional capacity built into a system for safety.
c) the point at which a system will experience failure.
d) the difference between the actual cost and the budgeted cost.
6. Why might a design that significantly exceeds its requirements be considered a "non-starter"?
a) It might be too expensive, complex, or large.
b) It would not be visually appealing to the public.
c) It would be impossible to find skilled labor to build it.
d) It would not comply with current safety regulations.
7. In the context of the passage, "fail-safe" refers to a design that:
a) prioritizes speed over safety.
b) minimizes the need for maintenance.
c) maximizes the system's capabilities.
d) minimizes the risk of system failure.
8. The passage suggests that engineers should:
a) prioritize aesthetics over functionality in design.
b) strive to create designs with capabilities exceeding all needs.
c) balance a system's capabilities with its limitations and purpose.
d) focus solely on minimizing the cost of a project.
Answers and explanations
1. (d) Perform its intended functions under specified conditions.
A system's capability is defined by its ability to fulfill its purpose under the conditions it's designed for. Options (a), (c), and (d) all refer to aspects that might influence capability, but aren't the core definition.
2. (b) Physical laws, material properties, or safety regulations.
These factors set boundaries for what a system can achieve. Option (a) reflects the designer's skill, not limitations. Options (c) and (d) might influence limitations indirectly, but aren't the primary factors.
3. (a) Estimate the system's capabilities and limitations.
Rough calculations are a preliminary step to gauge a system's potential and identify any restrictions it might face. Options (a), (c), and (d) aren't the primary goals of rough calculations.
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4. (c) Accelerate and decelerate.
The example highlights that a train's limitations can affect its ability to reach certain speeds or stop quickly enough. Options (a), (c), and (d) aren't directly addressed in the example.
5. (b) The additional capacity built into a system for safety.
A safety margin provides a buffer zone, ensuring the system can handle situations beyond its normal operating range. Options (a), (c), and (d) don't define the purpose of a safety margin.
6. (a) It might be too expensive, complex, or large.
A design exceeding requirements can become impractical due to increased costs, complexity, or size. Options (a), (b), and (d) might be potential consequences, but not the primary reason a design might be a non-starter.
7. (d) Minimizes the risk of system failure.
A fail-safe design prioritizes preventing malfunctions and potential hazards. Options (a), (b), and (d) don't capture the essence of a fail-safe approach.
8. (c) Balance a system's capabilities with its limitations and purpose.
The passage emphasizes finding the sweet spot between what a system can do and what's practical and necessary for its intended use. Options (a), (b), and (d) represent unbalanced design philosophies.
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