LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 3 – Components and assemblies
Vocabulary pp.28-29 – Describing positions of assembled components
The definitions and sample sentences:
1. Assembled (adj)
•Definition: Put together or constructed. (Bir araya getirilmiş veya inşa edilmiş.)
•Sample Sentence: The engineers inspected the fully assembled structure to ensure all components were in their correct positions. (Mühendisler, tüm bileşenlerin doğru konumlarında olduğundan emin olmak için tamamen monte edilmiş yapıyı incelediler.)
2. Component (n)
•Definition: A part or element of a larger system or structure. (Daha büyük bir sistemin veya yapının bir parçası.)
•Sample Sentence: Each electronic device consists of various electronic components that work together to perform specific functions. (Her elektronik cihaz, belirli işlevleri yerine getirmek için birlikte çalışan çeşitli elektronik bileşenlerden oluşur.)
3. Actual (adj)
•Definition: Real or existing in fact, not just in theory. (Gerçek veya sadece teoride değil, fiilen var olan.)
•Sample Sentence: The actual dimensions of the prototype were crucial for accurate testing and evaluation. (Prototipin gerçek boyutları, doğru test ve değerlendirme için çok önemliydi.)
4. Incident (n)
•Definition: An unexpected event or occurrence. (Beklenmedik bir olay veya durum.)
•Sample Sentence: The safety protocols were reviewed after a minor incident during the testing phase. (Test aşamasında küçük bir olayın ardından güvenlik protokolleri gözden geçirildi.)
5. Occur (v)
•Definition: To take place or happen. (Meydana gelmek veya gerçekleşmek.)
•Sample Sentence: Changes in temperature can affect how certain chemical reactions occur within the materials. (Sıcaklık değişiklikleri, belirli kimyasal reaksiyonların malzemelerde nasıl gerçekleştiğini etkileyebilir.)
6. Equivalent (n)
•Definition: Something that has the same value or function as another. (Aynı değere veya işlevselliğe sahip bir şey.)
•Sample Sentence: Engineers sought a more cost-effective equivalent material with similar properties for the construction project.
(Mühendisler, inşaat projesi için benzer özelliklere sahip daha uygun maliyetli bir eşdeğer malzeme
aradılar.)
7. Understatement (n)
•Definition: The presentation of something as being less important or serious than it actually is. (Bir şeyin gerçekte olduğundan daha az önemli veya ciddi olarak sunulması.)
•Sample Sentence: Describing the potential risks as a minor issue was an understatement that led to further investigation. (Olası riskleri küçük bir sorun olarak tanımlamak, daha fazla araştırmaya yol açan bir hafife alma oldu.)
8. Projecting (adj)
•Definition: Extending outward beyond a surface. (Bir yüzeyden dışarı doğru uzanan.)
•Sample Sentence: The projecting part of the machine required additional support to maintain stability. (Makinenin dışarı çıkan kısmı, stabiliteyi sağlamak için ek desteğe ihtiyaç duyuyordu.)
9. Cluster (n)
•Definition: A group of similar things or individuals close together. (Birbirine yakın benzer şeylerin veya bireylerin bir grubu.)
•Sample Sentence: The sensors formed a cluster to collect data from various points in the experiment. (Sensörler, deneydeki çeşitli noktalardan veri toplamak için bir grup oluşturdu.)
10. Fasten (v)
•Definition: To secure or attach firmly. (Güvenceye almak veya sıkıca bağlamak.)
•Sample Sentence: Engineers needed to fasten the panels securely to withstand strong winds. (Mühendisler, panelleri şiddetli rüzgarlara dayanacak şekilde güvenli bir şekilde sabitlemek zorundaydı.)
11. Makeshift (adj)
•Definition: Temporary and improvised; done or made using whatever is available. (Geçici ve doğaçlama; elde olanlarla yapılan; dermeçatma.)
•Sample Sentence: The engineers created a makeshift repair until the proper replacement parts arrived. (Mühendisler, uygun yedek parçalar gelene kadar geçici bir onarım yaptı.)
12. Altitude (n)
•Definition: The height above a reference point, often sea level. (Bir referans noktasından, genellikle deniz seviyesinden yükseklik.)
•Sample Sentence: The aircraft's performance varied with changes in altitude during the test flight. (Uçağın performansı, test uçuşu sırasında irtifadaki değişikliklerle farklılık gösterdi.)
13. Drift (v)
•Definition: To move slowly or steadily in a particular direction. (Belirli bir yönde yavaşça veya istikrarlı bir şekilde hareket etmek; sürüklenmek)
•Sample Sentence: The satellite was designed not to drift off course during its orbit. (Uydu, yörüngesi sırasında rotadan sapmaması için tasarlandı.)
14. Gradually (adv)
•Definition: In a slow or gradual manner. (Yavaş veya kademeli bir şekilde.)
•Sample Sentence: The temperature inside the chamber increased gradually to avoid thermal shocks to the components. (Odacıktaki sıcaklık, bileşenler üzerindeki termal şokları önlemek için yavaşça arttı.)
15. Progressively (adv)
•Definition: In a gradually advancing manner. (Kademeli olarak ilerleyen bir şekilde.)
•Sample Sentence: The system's efficiency improved progressively with each software update. (Sistemin verimliliği, her yazılım güncellemesiyle kademeli olarak arttı.)
16. Lift (n)
•Definition: The force that enables an aircraft or other object to rise against gravity. (Bir uçak veya başka bir nesnenin yerçekimine karşı yükselmesini sağlayan kuvvet.)
•Sample Sentence: The design of the wings was crucial for providing the necessary lift during takeoff. (Kanatların tasarımı, kalkış sırasında gerekli kaldırmayı sağlamak için çok önemliydi.)
17. Lift (v)
•Definition: To raise or elevate. (Yükseltmek veya kaldırmak.)
•Sample Sentence: Engineers used a hydraulic system to lift heavy machinery for maintenance. (Mühendisler, ağır makineleri bakım için kaldırmak üzere bir hidrolik sistem kullandılar.)
18. Self-assembly (adj)
•Definition: Capable of assembling itself without external assistance. (Harici bir yardım olmadan kendi kendine monte olabilen.)
•Sample Sentence: The components featured a self-assembly design, simplifying the manufacturing process. (Bileşenler, üretim sürecini basitleştiren bir kendi kendine montaj tasarımına sahipti.)
19. Adjacent to (prep.)
•Definition: Next to or adjoining something else. (Bir şeyin yanında veya bitişiğinde.)
•Sample Sentence: The control panel was adjacent to the main console for convenient access. (Kontrol paneli, kolay erişim için ana konsolun yanındaydı.)
20. Occupant (n)
•Definition: A person who resides or occupies a place. (Bir yerde ikamet eden veya orayı kullanan kişi.)
•Sample Sentence: Safety features in the vehicle were designed to protect the occupant in the event of a collision. (Araçtaki güvenlik özellikleri, çarpışma durumunda yolcuyu korumak için tasarlanmıştır.)
21. Spectacle (n)
•Definition: A visually striking display or event. (Görsel olarak çarpıcı bir gösteri veya olay.)
•Sample Sentence: The launch of the rocket was a remarkable spectacle witnessed by spectators. (Roketin fırlatılışı, izleyiciler tarafından görülen olağanüstü bir manzaraydı.)
22. Hover (v)
•Definition: To remain suspended in the air. (Havada asılı kalmak.)
•Sample Sentence: Drones are designed to hover in a stable position for various applications. (Dronlar, çeşitli uygulamalar için sabit bir pozisyonda havada duracak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.)
23. Suspend (v)
•Definition: To hang or be hung from above, (often without support from below). (Üstten asmak veya asılmak, (genellikle alttan destek olmadan).)
•Sample Sentence: The delicate instrument was carefully suspended to minimize vibrations during testing. (Hassas cihaz, test sırasında titreşimleri en aza indirmek için dikkatlice asıldı.)
24. Get tangled with (v)
•Definition: To become twisted or caught up with something. (Bir şeyle dolanmak veya takılmak.)
•Sample Sentence: The cables should be organized to avoid getting tangled with moving parts in the machinery. (Kablolar, makinedeki hareketli parçalarla dolanmayı önlemek için düzenlenmelidir.)
25. Marginal (adj)
•Definition: Relating to or situated at the edge or margin. (Kenarda veya sınırda bulunan.)
•Sample Sentence: The improvements had a marginal impact on the overall efficiency of the system. (Yapılan iyileştirmeler, sistemin genel verimliliği üzerinde sınırlı bir etkiye sahipti.)
26. Steadily (adv)
•Definition: In a constant and unchanging manner. (Sabit ve değişmeyen bir şekilde.)
•Sample Sentence: The temperature inside the chamber increased steadily to simulate realistic operating conditions. (Odacıktaki sıcaklık, gerçekçi çalışma koşullarını simüle etmek için sabit bir şekilde arttı.)
27. Harness (n)
•Definition: A set of straps, belts, or other flexible materials arranged to secure and control something. (Bir şeyi sabitlemek ve kontrol etmek için düzenlenmiş kayışlar, kemerler veya diğer esnek malzemeler.)
•Sample Sentence: The adventurer carefully adjusted the harness to ensure a safe descent during the climb. (Macera tutkunu, tırmanış sırasında güvenli bir iniş sağlamak için kayışları dikkatlice ayarladı.)
28. Ballast (n)
•Definition: Heavy material placed in the hull of a ship or the gondola of a balloon to ensure stability. (Geminin gövdesine veya balonun gondoluna yerleştirilen ağırlık, dengede kalmasını sağlar.)
•Sample Sentence: Adjusting the amount of ballast helped the airship maintain proper balance during flight. (Balast miktarını ayarlamak, hava gemisinin uçuş sırasında düzgün bir şekilde dengede kalmasına yardımcı oldu.)
29. Increment (n)
•Definition: An increase or addition, especially a regular one. (Özellikle düzenli bir artış veya ekleme.)
•Sample Sentence: The software updates were released in regular increments to enhance system performance. (Sistem performansını artırmak için yazılım güncellemeleri düzenli aralıklarla yayınlandı.)
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level)
Cluster Ballooning: A Thrilling Adventure Above and Beyond
Cluster ballooning, an exhilarating extreme sport, involves the use of multiple balloons attached to a lightweight basket. Participants, known as "cluster balloonists," assemble various components to create a makeshift airborne vehicle. The actual thrill begins when they gradually lift off the ground, suspended in the air by a cluster of balloons.
In this extraordinary activity, participants often find themselves hovering above the earth's surface, experiencing a unique spectacle as they ascend to greater altitudes. The incident of being airborne provides an unmatched sense of freedom and adventure. As balloonists drift steadily through the sky, they marvel at the breathtaking views below.
One crucial aspect of cluster ballooning is the need to fasten the balloons securely to the basket to ensure stability. The balloons, when properly fastened, allow participants to lift gently into the sky. This self-assembly process adds an element of excitement as balloonists prepare for their journey.
Safety is not an understatement in this extreme sport. Participants must take precautions to avoid getting tangled with the balloons or encountering any unforeseen incidents. To guarantee a safe experience, balloonists use ballast to control their altitude and make incremental adjustments throughout the flight.
Cluster ballooning often takes place above and below the clouds, providing a unique perspective of the world. Balloonists navigate through the sky, adjacent to treetops and landscapes, and sometimes even above bodies of water. The sport requires a careful balance between the thrill of adventure and the need for responsible practices.
The occupants of the balloon basket, suspended high above the ground, experience a sense of awe and wonder. As they steadily float through the air, the marginal difference between the earth below and the sky above becomes a mesmerizing journey.
In conclusion, cluster ballooning offers a one-of-a-kind adventure for those seeking a unique and exhilarating experience. The sport combines the excitement of being airborne with the need for careful navigation and control. Whether hovering above vast landscapes or drifting adjacent to city skylines, cluster ballooning promises an unforgettable spectacle for those daring enough to undertake this extraordinary adventure.
1.What is the primary activity involved in cluster ballooning?
a) Skydiving b) Paragliding
c) Utilizing multiple balloons for flight d) Hang gliding
2.What term is used to describe participants in cluster ballooning?
a) Aeronauts b) Aviators
c) Cluster enthusiasts d) Cluster balloonists
3.When does the actual thrill in cluster ballooning begin, according to the text?
a) When assembling the components b) Upon reaching maximum altitude
c) During the self-assembly process d) Gradually lifting off the ground
4.What is the key aspect emphasized in ensuring stability during a cluster ballooning adventure?
a) Altitude control b) Fastening balloons securely to the basket
c) Using advanced navigation systems d) Harnessing strong winds for propulsion
5.How is safety described in the context of cluster ballooning?
a) Understated b) Overemphasized c) Marginal d) Critical
6.What do balloonists use to control their altitude in cluster ballooning?
a) GPS navigation b) Fastening mechanisms
c) Ballast and incremental adjustments d) Self-assembly techniques
7.Where does cluster ballooning often take place, providing a unique perspective for participants?
a)Underwater b)Above and below the clouds c)Underground d)In dense forests
8.How do occupants of the balloon basket feel as they float through the air, according to the text?
a) Awe and wonder b)Bored c)Fearful d)Indifferent
Answers and explanations:
1.What is the primary activity involved in cluster ballooning?
•Correct Answer: c) Utilizing multiple balloons for flight.
•Explanation: The text mentions that cluster ballooning involves the use of multiple balloons attached to a lightweight basket.
2.What term is used to describe participants in cluster ballooning?
•Correct Answer: d) Cluster balloonists.
•Explanation: The text refers to participants in cluster ballooning as "cluster balloonists."
3.When does the actual thrill in cluster ballooning begin, according to the text?
•Correct Answer: d) Gradually lifting off the ground.
•Explanation: The text mentions that the actual thrill in cluster ballooning begins when participants gradually lift off the ground.
4.What is the key aspect emphasized in ensuring stability during a cluster ballooning adventure?
•Correct Answer: b) Fastening balloons securely to the basket.
•Explanation: The text highlights the crucial aspect of fastening balloons securely to ensure stability during the adventure.
5.How is safety described in the context of cluster ballooning?
•Correct Answer: a) Understated.
•Explanation: The text mentions that safety is not an understatement in cluster ballooning, emphasizing its importance in the extreme sport.
6.What do balloonists use to control their altitude in cluster ballooning?
•Correct Answer: c) Ballast and incremental adjustments.
•Explanation: Balloonists use ballast to control altitude and make incremental adjustments, as mentioned in the text.
7.Where does cluster ballooning often take place, providing a unique perspective for participants?
•Correct Answer: b) Above and below the clouds.
•Explanation: The text states that cluster ballooning often takes place above and below the clouds, offering a unique perspective.
8.How do occupants of the balloon basket feel as they float through the air, according to the text?
•Correct Answer: a) Awe and wonder.
•Explanation: The text mentions that occupants experience a sense of awe and wonder as they float through the air in the balloon basket.
Read the text below and answer the questions (B2 level)
Helicopters: Engineering Marvels in Flight
Helicopters, a remarkable example of engineering innovation, are composed of various components carefully assembled to create a sophisticated flying machine. The actual design of a helicopter involves intricate engineering to ensure optimal performance and safety during every flight.
In the engineering world, incidents involving helicopters are thoroughly analyzed to understand the factors that may occur during flight. Engineers continually work to enhance helicopter technology, making them more efficient and safer. Understanding how incidents occur is crucial for improving the overall reliability of these aerial vehicles.
One significant engineering concept related to helicopters is the idea of lift. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters can lift off vertically, gradually ascending into the sky. Engineers have developed advanced techniques to progressively increase lift, allowing helicopters to achieve the necessary altitude for various missions.
The equivalent of a floating platform, a helicopter hovers above the ground, providing an extraordinary spectacle of engineering achievement. The ability to hover is a defining characteristic, showcasing the projecting power of the rotor blades as they spin rapidly.
The cluster of technologies involved in helicopter design includes the harnessing of power to fasten rotor blades securely. This is a critical aspect of engineering, ensuring that the makeshift wings generate the necessary lift for controlled flight. Engineers use innovative materials and self-assembly techniques to enhance the structural integrity of helicopters.
Altitude control is maintained through the careful manipulation of ballast and incremental adjustments during flight. Engineers have developed systems that allow for precise control, ensuring that helicopters can operate efficiently above and below specific altitudes.
The occupants of a helicopter, often including pilots and passengers, experience a unique vantage point. Hovering adjacent to landscapes or flying alongside structures, the occupants witness the world from a perspective that is both thrilling and practical.
In the engineering of helicopters, the margin for error is minimal. Fastening, inserting, and locating components are meticulous processes that engineers undertake to guarantee the safety and reliability of these aerial vehicles. Every part must be securely fastened to contain the forces generated during flight.
Inside the cockpit, engineers have designed sophisticated control systems, allowing pilots to suspend the helicopter in mid-air or navigate smoothly through the sky. The careful engineering of these systems ensures that helicopters can be situated precisely where needed, making them indispensable in various applications, from transport to emergency services.
In conclusion, helicopters represent a pinnacle of engineering achievement, where components are assembled with precision to create a versatile flying machine. The engineering principles behind helicopters involve a careful balance of lift, control, and safety measures, making them an essential and awe-inspiring aspect of modern aviation.
1.What is the primary focus of the text about helicopters?
a)The history of helicopter development. b)The engineering aspects of helicopters.
c)The different types of helicopters. d)The recreational uses of helicopters.
2.How is the term "incident" used in the context of helicopters?
a) Referring to accidents and crashes. b)Describing routine operational procedures.
c) Highlighting successful engineering achievements. d) Signifying unexpected events during flights.
3.What engineering concept distinguishes helicopters from fixed-wing aircraft?
a) Ballast control. b) Incremental adjustments. c) Vertical lift. d) Self-assembly.
4.What is the equivalent of a floating platform in the context of helicopters?
a) Fastening mechanism. b) Rotor blades. c) Altitude control. d) Hovering capability.
5.What is the primary purpose of the projecting power of rotor blades in helicopters?
a) Generating lift for controlled flight. b) Providing aesthetics during flight.
c) Enhancing fuel efficiency. d) Creating a spectacle for onlookers.
6.How do engineers control altitude in helicopters?
a) By adjusting the harness. b) Through fastening rotor blades.
c) Utilizing ballast and making incremental adjustments. d) Relying on self-assembly mechanisms.
7.What is the role of materials and self-assembly techniques in helicopter engineering?
a) Enhancing structural integrity. b) Providing comfort to occupants.
c) Facilitating rapid ascent. d) Increasing hover time.
8.What perspective do occupants of a helicopter experience during flight?
a) Subterranean views. b) Aerial views adjacent to landscapes. c) Limited visibility.
Answers and Explanations:
1.What is the primary focus of the text about helicopters?
•Correct Answer: b) The engineering aspects of helicopters.
•Explanation: The text primarily discusses helicopters in the context of engineering, highlighting their design, components, and technological aspects.
2.How is the term "incident" used in the context of helicopters?
•Correct Answer: d) Signifying unexpected events during flights.
•Explanation: In the text, "incident" is used to describe unexpected events that may occur during helicopter flights, emphasizing the need for safety measures.
3.What engineering concept distinguishes helicopters from fixed-wing aircraft?
•Correct Answer: c) Vertical lift.
•Explanation: Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters can achieve vertical lift, allowing them to take off and hover, a distinctive feature discussed in the text.
4.What is the equivalent of a floating platform in the context of helicopters?
•Correct Answer: b) Rotor blades.
•Explanation: The text refers to the hovering capability of helicopters as the equivalent of a floating platform, and this capability is achieved through the rotation of rotor blades.
5.What is the primary purpose of the projecting power of rotor blades in helicopters?
•Correct Answer: a) Generating lift for controlled flight.
•Explanation: The projecting power of rotor blades is essential for generating lift, allowing helicopters to achieve controlled flight, as discussed in the text.
6.How do engineers control altitude in helicopters?
•Correct Answer: c) Utilizing ballast and making incremental adjustments.
•Explanation: Altitude control in helicopters involves the careful manipulation of ballast and making incremental adjustments, as mentioned in the text.
7.What is the role of materials and self-assembly techniques in helicopter engineering?
•Correct Answer: a) Enhancing structural integrity.
•Explanation: Materials and self-assembly techniques in helicopter engineering contribute to enhancing the structural integrity of the aircraft, as discussed in the text.
8.What perspective do occupants of a helicopter experience during flight?
•Correct Answer: b) Aerial views adjacent to landscapes.
•Explanation: The text mentions that occupants experience a unique vantage point, hovering adjacent to landscapes, providing them with breathtaking aerial view
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