LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 8 – Monitoring and control
Vocabulary pp 66-67 – Discussing readings and trends – updated on 20 April 202
The definitions and sample sentences:
Readings (n): Measurements taken from instruments.
•Sample Sentence: "The engineer analyzed the temperature readings from the sensor."
•Turkish: Ölçüm değerleri (sensör vb enstrümanlardan alınan ölçüm değerleri)
•Turkish Sentence: "Mühendis sensörden alınan sıcaklık ölçüm değerlerini analiz etti."
Trends (n): Patterns of change over time.
•Sample Sentence: "The data showed an upward trend in energy consumption."
•Turkish: Eğilimler (zaman içerisinde görülen değişim şekilleri/trendler)
•Turkish Sentence: "Veriler enerji tüketiminde yukarıya doğru bir eğilim olduğunu gösterdi."
Vary (v): To change or differ.
•Sample Sentence: "The wind speed can vary significantly throughout the day."
•Turkish: Değişmek
•Turkish Sentence: "Rüzgar hızı gün boyunca önemli ölçüde değişebilir."
Fluctuate (v): To vary irregularly.
•Sample Sentence: "The voltage levels fluctuated slightly during the experiment."
•Turkish: Dalgalanmak (düzensiz biçimde/inişli çıkışlı değişim göstermek)
•Turkish Sentence: "Deney sırasında voltaj seviyeleri biraz dalgalandı."
Demand (n): The amount of something that is needed or wanted.
•Sample Sentence: "The demand for electricity increases during the summer months."
•Turkish: Talep
•Turkish Sentence: "Elektriğe olan talep yaz aylarında artar."
Operational (n): Activities related to the running of a system.
•Sample Sentence: "The team focused on improving the operational efficiency of the power plant."
•Turkish: İşletme (bir sistemi işletmeyle ilgili faaliyetler)
•Turkish Sentence: "Ekip, enerji santralinin işletme verimliliğini artırmaya odaklandı."
Operational (adj): Functioning or ready to be used.
•Sample Sentence: "The factory is not operational due to a power outage."
•Turkish: İşlevsel
•Turkish Sentence: "Fabrika elektrik kesintisi nedeniyle işlevsel değil."
Rush (v): To happen suddenly and with great force.
•Sample Sentence: "The firefighters rushed to the scene of the fire."
•Turkish: Acele etmek (aniden ya da büyük bir güçle meydana gelmek)
•Turkish Sentence: "İtfaiyeciler yangın yerine aceleyle gitti."
Spare (adj): Extra or available for use when needed.
•Sample Sentence: "The technician always keeps a spare set of batteries on hand."
•Turkish: Rezerv/yedek
•Turkish Sentence: "Teknisyen her zaman elinde yedek bir pil takımı bulundurur."
Spare Generating Capacity (n): The amount of electricity that can be produced beyond current demand.
•Sample Sentence: "The power plant has enough spare generating capacity to meet peak demand."
•Turkish: Rezerv Elektrik Üretim Kapasitesi (halihazırdaki talepten fazla üretilebilen elektrik miktarı)
•Turkish Sentence: "Santral, pik (en yüksek) talebi karşılamak için yeterli rezerv elektrik üretim kapasitesine sahiptir."
Power Load (n): The amount of electricity being used at a particular time.
•Sample Sentence: "The power grid can handle a maximum power load of 100 megawatts."
•Turkish: Elektrik Yükü (belirli bir zamanda kullanılan elektrik miktarı)
•Turkish Sentence: "Elektrik şebekesi maksimum 100 megavatlık elektrik yükünü kaldırabilir."
Forecast (v): To predict something that will happen in the future.
•Sample Sentence: "Meteorologists forecast rain for tomorrow."
•Turkish: Tahmin etmek
•Turkish Sentence: "Meteorologlar yarın yağmur yağacağını tahmin ediyor."
Peak (adjective): Referring to the highest point or value.
•Sample sentence: The engine reached its peak performance at 5000 RPM.
•Turkish definition: Tepe (en yüksek nokta)
•Sentence translation: Motor, 5000 devirde tepe (en yüksek) performansına ulaştı.
Peaks (noun): The plural form of peak, referring to multiple highest points.
•Sample sentence: The graph shows several peaks in electricity consumption throughout the day.
•Turkish definition: Tepeler (birden fazla en yüksek nokta)
•Sentence translation: Grafik, gün boyunca elektrik tüketiminde birkaç tepe gösteriyor.
Troughs (n): The lowest points or levels of something that changes regularly.
•Sample Sentence: "The opposite of peaks are troughs, which occur during low demand periods."
•Turkish: Dipler
•Turkish Sentence: "Tepelerin tersi, düşük talep dönemlerinde meydana gelen diplerdir."
Range (n): The difference between the highest and lowest values of something.
•Sample Sentence: "The temperature range in this region varies between -5°C and 35°C."
•Turkish: Aralık (bir şeyin en yüksek ve en düşük değerleri arasındaki fark)
•Turkish Sentence: "Bu bölgedeki sıcaklık aralığı -5°C ile 35°C arasındadır."
Go hand-in-hand (v): To happen or exist together as a necessary part of something.
•Sample Sentence: "Safety and efficiency go hand-in-hand in engineering practices."
•Turkish: El ele gitmek (bir şeyin gerekli bir parçası olarak birlikte var olmak ya da gerçekleşmek)
•Turkish Sentence: "Mühendislik uygulamalarında güvenlik ve verimlilik el ele gider."
Blips (n): Small, temporary variations in a signal or reading.
•Sample Sentence: "We observed a few blips on the voltage monitor during the startup process."
•Turkish: Sapmalar (bir sinyal ya da ölçümdeki küçük ve geçici varyasyon ya da değişim)
•Turkish Sentence: "Başlatma işlemi sırasında voltaj monitöründe birkaç sapma gözlemledik."
Peak Demand (n): The highest level of electricity demand in a specific period.
•Sample Sentence: "The power company prepares for peak demand during summer afternoons."
•Turkish: Pik (en yüksek) Talep (Pik: peak)
•Turkish Sentence: "Elektrik şirketi yaz öğleden sonraları pik talebe hazırlanır."
The top of something (noun): The highest part of an object.
•Sample sentence: Please climb to the top of the ladder to fix the roof.
•Turkish: Tepesi (bir nesnenin en yüksek kısmı)
•Turkish sentence: Çatıya düzeltmek için lütfen merdivenin tepesine tırmanın.
Band of Fluctuation (n): The range within which a value varies.
•Sample Sentence: "The voltage remained within a narrow band of fluctuation throughout the day."
•Turkish: Dalgalanma Bandı (Dalgalanma: fluctuation, bant: band) (bir değerin değişiklik gösterdiği alan)
•Turkish Sentence: "Voltaj gün boyunca dar bir dalgalanma bandında kaldı."
Off-peak (adj): Times when electricity demand is low.
•Sample Sentence: "Off-peak hours are ideal for running washing machines and other high-consumption appliances."
•Turkish: Düşük Talep (elektriğe olan talebin düşük olduğu zamanlar)
•Turkish Sentence: "Düşük talep saatleri, çamaşır makineleri ve diğer yüksek tüketimli cihazları çalıştırmak için idealdir."
Off-peak Periods (n): Periods when electricity demand is low.
•Turkish: Düşük Talep Dönemleri (Düşük: low, talep: demand, dönem: period)
Exploit (v): To take advantage of something.
•Sample Sentence: "The power company offers discounts to customers who exploit off-peak periods."
•Turkish: Faydalanmak
•Turkish Sentence: "Elektrik şirketi, düşük talep dönemlerinden faydalanan müşterilere indirimler sunar."
Duty Cycle Appliances (n): Appliances that can be programmed to operate during off-peak periods.
•Sample Sentence: "Duty cycle appliances help to reduce energy consumption during peak demand times."
•Turkish: İş Döngüsü Cihazları (İş: work, döngü: cycle, cihaz: appliance) (elektrik talebinin düşük olduğu periyotlarda çalışmaya programlanabilen cihazlar)
•Turkish Sentence: "İş döngüsü cihazları, pik talep zamanlarında enerji tüketimini azaltmaya yardımcı olur."
Smooth (v): To make something happen or change in a gradual and regular way.
•Sample Sentence: "Renewable energy sources can help to smooth out fluctuations in electricity supply."
•Turkish: Düzgünleştirmek (bir şeyin kademeli ve düzenli bir şekilde gerçekleşmesini ya da değişmesini sağlamak)
•Turkish Sentence: "Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları, elektrik arzındaki dalgalanmaları düzgünleştirmeye yardımcı olabilir."
Continuous (adjective): Happening without interruption or breaks.
•Sample sentence: The machine requires a continuous supply of water to function properly.
•Turkish definition: Sürekli (kesintisiz)
•Sentence translation: Makinenin düzgün çalışması için sürekli su beslemesi gerekir.
Continual (adjective): Happening frequently and repeatedly, but with short breaks.
•Sample sentence: The factory experienced continual problems with the production line.
•Turkish definition: Devamlı (aralıklarla tekrarlayan)
•Sentence translation: Fabrika, üretim hattında devamlı sorunlar yaşadı.
Momentary (adjective): Lasting for a very short time.
•Sample sentence: The power outage caused only a momentary interruption in service.
•Turkish definition: Anlık (çok kısa süren)
•Sentence translation: Elektrik kesintisi hizmette yalnızca anlık bir kesintiye neden oldu.
Frequency of the mains AC supply (noun): The number of times the voltage of the alternating current (AC) supply completes a cycle in one second.
•Sample sentence: In Turkey, the frequency of the mains AC supply is 50 Hz.
•Turkish definition: Şebeke AC şebekesinin frekansı (şebeke voltajının bir saniyede tamamladığı çevrim sayısı)
•Sentence translation: Türkiye'de şebeke AC şebekesinin frekansı 50 Hz'dir.
Peak in demand (noun): The highest level of electricity consumption in a given period.
•Sample sentence: The utility company expects a peak in demand during the summer months.
•Turkish definition: Talepteki zirve (belirli bir dönemde en yüksek elektrik tüketim seviyesi)
•Sentence translation: Elektrik şirketi, yaz aylarında talepte bir zirve bekliyor.
Dip in demand (noun): A sudden decrease in electricity consumption.
•Sample sentence: There is usually a dip in demand for electricity late at night.
•Turkish definition: Talepteki ani düşüş (elektrik tüketiminde ani bir azalma)
•Sentence translation: Geceleri genellikle elektrik talebinde bir düşüş yaşanır.
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions:
Juggling Power: The Intricate World of Maintaining Grid Stability
The electricity powering our lives is a marvel of modern engineering. But behind the seemingly effortless flow of electrons lies a constant, intricate dance between supply and demand. Maintaining grid stability – the delicate balance between the amount of electricity produced and the amount consumed – is a complex challenge that engineers tackle every day.
Imagine a vast network of highways – the power grid. Power plants act as power stations, continuously generating electricity that flows through transmission lines, our electrical “highways,” to transformers that step down the voltage for distribution lines. These “distribution roads” deliver electricity to our homes and businesses. The quantity of electricity coursing through this network is known as the power load. This load isn't constant, it fluctuates throughout the day like rush hour traffic.
During peak hours, typically mornings and evenings, electricity demand surges. Air conditioners whir to life, ovens heat up for dinner, and countless electronic devices come alive. This surge in demand is a peak in demand, akin to rush hour on a freeway. To meet this peak, power plants need to have spare generating capacity, just like extra lanes on a highway that can accommodate the increased traffic flow.
Imagine a massive hydroelectric dam. It can generate a significant amount of electricity, but running it at partial capacity for most of the day is inefficient. However, if the dam doesn't have enough spare capacity during peak hours, brownouts or even blackouts can occur. This is where forecasting comes in.
Engineers utilize sophisticated software to predict demand patterns based on historical data, weather forecasts, and even social media trends. This allows them to strategically schedule power generation from various sources. For instance, they might rely on nuclear power plants for a continuous baseload supply, as nuclear reactors operate 24/7. During peak hours, they might ramp up generation from natural gas plants, which can be adjusted more quickly.
But the equation doesn't end there. Integrating renewable energy sources like solar and wind power adds another layer of complexity. Solar panels generate electricity during daylight hours, while wind turbines rely on wind speeds. These are continual sources, meaning they fluctuate based on environmental conditions, unlike the continuous output from a nuclear plant.
The key lies in a diverse energy mix. Traditional power plants provide a reliable base, while renewables add flexibility and environmental benefits. This interplay between different generation sources, constantly monitored and adjusted by engineers, ensures the grid maintains a smooth flow of electricity.
Even momentary disruptions can have consequences. A downed power line can cause a voltage dip, a brief reduction in voltage that can disrupt sensitive electronics. To minimize the impact of these blips, engineers design the grid with built-in safeguards, such as automatic voltage regulators, that can quickly adjust voltage levels.
The stable operation of the power grid is a testament to the ingenuity of engineers. By constantly monitoring, analyzing, and adjusting the flow of electricity, they ensure a reliable and efficient power supply for our modern world. So, the next time you flip on a light switch, remember the intricate dance happening behind the scenes, keeping the electrons flowing and our lives powered.
1. The main idea of the passage is to:
a) Explain how electricity is generated. b) Describe the components of a power grid.
c) Discuss the challenges of maintaining grid stability. d) Highlight the benefits of renewable energy sources.
2. The term "peak in demand" refers to:
a) A constant supply of electricity.
b) A sudden drop in voltage on the power grid.
c) The most efficient way to generate electricity.
d) The highest level of electricity consumption during a specific period.
3. Why is it important for power plants to have spare generating capacity?
a) To reduce reliance on renewable energy sources.
b) To handle unexpected surges in electricity demand.
c) To operate at maximum capacity at all times.
d) To minimize the environmental impact of electricity generation.
4. How does forecasting help engineers maintain grid stability?
a) It allows them to predict equipment failures on the power grid.
b) It helps them determine the optimal locations for new power plants.
c) It enables them to strategically schedule power generation from various sources.
d) It predicts the exact amount of electricity needed at any given time.
5. What is the main advantage of nuclear power plants in the context of grid stability?
a) They can be quickly ramped up or down to meet changing demand.
b) They are a more environmentally friendly source of electricity compared to fossil fuels.
c) They offer a very high capacity for electricity generation.
d) They provide a continuous and reliable baseload supply of electricity.
6. Why can renewable energy sources like solar and wind power be challenging to integrate into the grid?
a) Their electricity generation fluctuates based on environmental conditions.
b) They are not powerful enough to meet the electricity demands of large cities.
c) They require a significant amount of maintenance compared to traditional power plants.
d) They produce harmful emissions that contribute to air pollution.
7. Voltage dips are caused by:
a) Disruptions in the transmission of electricity on the power grid.
b) The continuous operation of nuclear power plants.
c) Increased demand for electricity during peak hours.
d) The integration of renewable energy sources into the grid.
8. What is the role of engineers in maintaining grid stability?
a) They design and construct the physical components of the power grid.
b) They continuously monitor, analyze, and adjust the flow of electricity.
c) They develop new technologies for more efficient electricity generation.
d) All of the above
Answers and Explanations: Juggling Power
1. c) Discuss the challenges of maintaining grid stability.
The passage focuses on the complexities of balancing electricity supply and demand within the power grid.
2. d) The highest level of electricity consumption during a specific period.
The term refers to the time when electricity usage is at its peak, like during mornings and evenings.
3. b) To handle unexpected surges in electricity demand.
Spare capacity ensures the grid can meet peak demand without disruptions.
4. c) It enables them to strategically schedule power generation from various sources.
Forecasting allows engineers to anticipate demand and adjust generation from different plants, like nuclear for baseload and natural gas for peak hours.
5. d) They provide a continuous and reliable baseload supply of electricity.
Nuclear plants operate constantly, offering a stable foundation for the grid's electricity needs.
6. a) Their electricity generation fluctuates based on environmental conditions.
Solar panels rely on sunlight and wind turbines on wind speeds, making their output variable.
7. a) Disruptions in the transmission of electricity on the power grid.
Events like downed power lines can cause brief voltage dips.
8. b) They continuously monitor, analyze, and adjust the flow of electricity.
Engineers actively manage the grid to maintain balance between supply and demand.
Choose the correct answer
1.Which word best describes the intermittent changes in power load within an electrical system?
a) Fluctuate b) Spare c) Smooth d) Exploit
2.In the context of energy consumption, what does the term "demand" refer to?
a) The amount of electricity generated b) The need for electrical appliances
c) The availability of spare generating capacity d) The variation in power load
3.What is the purpose of "spare generating capacity" in electrical systems?
a) To forecast peak demand b) To exploit renewable energy sources
c) To maintain a continuous power supply d) To reduce the frequency of mains AC supply
4.Which term describes the condition where power load remains consistent without significant fluctuations?
a) Peak b) Off-peak c) Continuous d) Momentary
5.What does it mean for two factors to "go hand-in-hand" in engineering?
a) They fluctuate together b) They have spare generating capacity
c) They forecast peak demand d) They exploit renewable energy sources
6.In the context of power load management, what are "blips"?
a) Sudden increases in energy consumption b) The top of something
c) Off-peak periods d) Duty cycle appliances
7.What is the term used to describe the highest level of electricity demand within a given period?
a) Dip in demand b) Continuous demand c) Fluctuating demand d) Peak demand
8.Which term refers to the low points or decreases in power load within an electrical system?
a) Peaks b) Trough c) Bands of fluctuation d) Duty cycle appliances
9.What does it mean for electrical systems to operate in "off-peak periods"?
a) They are running at maximum capacity b) They are exploiting renewable energy sources
c) They are at the top of something d) They are experiencing a dip in demand
10.Which word best describes a power load that remains consistent over time without interruption?
a) Fluctuate b) Rush c) Smooth d) Forecast
11. What is the term used to describe the continuous presence of fluctuations within a specific range?
a) Peak demand b) Off-peak periods c) Band of fluctuation d) Spare generating capacity
12.What does it mean for two variables to have a "range" in engineering?
a) They fluctuate together b) They remain constant
c) They have spare generating capacity d) They vary within certain limits
13.Which word best describes the scenario where power load experiences a sudden and temporary increase?
a) Peak b) Peak demand c) Trough d) Momentary
Answer key: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. c 12. d 13. d
Choose the best answer
1.The amount of electricity consumed by various appliances and devices within a given timeframe is referred to as ____________.
a) Vary b) Fluctuate c) Demand d) Operational
2.During ____________ periods, the demand for electricity tends to decrease as fewer appliances are in use.
a) Peaks b) Off-peak c) Blips d) Exploit
3.Power load fluctuations can occur within a wide ____________ of magnitudes, presenting both challenges and opportunities for optimization.
a) Demand b) Range c) Smooth d) Continuous
4.Engineers must ensure that power generation units are capable of responding rapidly to ____________ in demand to prevent disruptions to the supply of electricity.
a) Rush b) Continuous c) Momentary d) Fluctuations
5.Understanding the interplay between ____________ and troughs is essential for designing robust electrical systems.
a) Peaks b) Forecast c) Band of fluctuation d) Dip in demand
6.The ____________ of power load management involves anticipating peak demand periods and adjusting resources accordingly.
a) Rush b) Band of fluctuation c) Smooth d) Forecast
7.Power systems often have ____________ to handle sudden increases in demand without overloading.
a) Spare generating capacity b) Continuous c) Momentary d) Fluctuate
8.Smart grids can exploit renewable energy sources to manage ____________ in demand more efficiently.
a) Troughs b) Off-peak periods c) Peak d) Smooth
9.Engineers design systems capable of maintaining a ____________ supply of electricity to consumers.
a) Band of fluctuation b) Continuous c) Forecast d) Operational
10.Power load fluctuations ____________ with changes in consumer behavior and industrial operations.
a) Go hand-in-hand b) Smooth c) Continual d) Forecast
Answer key: 1. c 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. b 10.a
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