STUDENTS UNABLE TO TAKE LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II FINAL EXAM

 

 

                                                          DEVAMSIZ ÖĞRENCİLER

IND 1

1.230107011034      BETÜL ŞUA BAŞASLAN

2.220107011126      AYŞE SÜMEYRA DEMİRDELEN

3.230107011097       GİZEM ERTÜRK

4.220107011122       HASAM UD DIN

5.200107011017       SEVDE NUR YILDIRIM

6.230107011059       MAHMUT YILMAZ

IND 2

7.220114012043       MEHMET SELİM MARAŞLI

8.220114012056       AHMET CAN ÇOMAKTEKİN

9.220114012062       MEHMET TUĞ

10.230114012035     ZELİHA ŞAHİN

                                 DEVAMSIZ ÖĞRENCİLER (ARCHITECTURE)

1.231601011049       AYŞE KÖRÜKÇÜ  (40)

2.231601011163       IBRAHIM BASHER IBRAHİM OSMAN (40)

3.231601011080       BELGİN SAĞIT  (40)

4.231601011045       ŞEMSE ZEYNEP UMA (32)

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS(Unit 10 Pgs:84-85)-19

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries

Vocabulary pp 84-85 – Describing capabilities and limitations – Updated on 01 June 2025

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.Capability (n) / Yetenek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi başarma yeteneği veya kapasitesi.

•English Definition: The ability or capacity to achieve something.

•Sample Sentence: The new engine has the capability to generate higher power output.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni motor daha yüksek güç çıkışı üretme yeteneğine sahiptir.

2.To be capable of (v) / -e yetenekli olmak

•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi başarma yeteneğine sahip olmak.

•English Definition: To have the ability to achieve an action.

•Sample Sentence: The bridge design is capable of withstanding strong winds.

•Turkish Translation: Köprü tasarımı güçlü rüzgarlara dayanma yeteneğine sahiptir.

3.To be incapable of (v) / -e yeteneksiz olmak

•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi gerçekleştirmeye yeteneği olmamak.

•English Definition: To lack the ability to achieve an action.

•Sample Sentence: The old machinery is incapable of meeting modern production demands.

•Turkish Translation: Eski makine modern üretim taleplerini karşılama yeteneğine sahip değildir.

4.Limitation (n) / Sınırlama

•Turkish Definition: Limitation (sınırlama/kısıtlama), bir sistemin, sürecin veya bileşenin performansını, tasarımını, uygulamasını veya işlevselliğini etkileyen bir kısıtlamadır. Mühendislikte, güvenlik, verimlilik ve uygulanabilirliği sağlamak için tasarım ve analiz aşamalarında bu sınırlamalar dikkate alınmalıdır.

•English Definition: A limitation is a restriction or constraint that affects the performance, design, application, or functionality of a system, process, or component. Limitations must be considered during the engineering design and analysis phases to ensure safety, efficiency, and feasibility.

•Sample Sentence: One major limitation of the current design is its inability to operate at high temperatures.

•Turkish Translation: Mevcut tasarımın en büyük sınırlamalarından biri, yüksek sıcaklıklarda çalışamamasıdır.

5.Sled (n) / Kızak

•Turkish Definition: Sled, genellikle kızak benzeri raylara veya düşük sürtünmeli yüzeylere monte edilmiş bir platform ya da çerçevedir. Ekipman veya malzeme taşımak için kullanılır. Mühendislikte ayrıca test, taşıma veya fırlatma sistemlerinde kullanılan bir taban ya da taşıyıcı yapıyı da ifade edebilir.

•English Definition: A sled is a type of platform or frame, often mounted on runners or low-friction surfaces, used to carry equipment or materials, especially over snow, ice, or other low-friction surfaces. In engineering, it may also refer to a base or carriage used in testing, transportation, or launching systems.

•Sample Sentence: The crash test dummy was mounted on a high-speed sled to simulate the effects of a vehicle collision.

•Turkish Translation: Araç çarpışmasının etkilerini simüle etmek için çarpışma testi mankeni yüksek hızlı bir kızağa monte edildi.

6.Detonate (v) / Patlamak

•Turkish Definition: Patlamaya neden olmak veya patlamak.

•English Definition: To cause to explode or to explode suddenly.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers detonated the explosive charges to demolish the old building.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, eski binayı yıkmak için patlayıcı şarjları patlattılar.

7.Terrific roar (n) / Korkunç gürültü

•Turkish Definition: Korkunç veya korkutucu bir gürültü.

•English Definition: A loud or terrifying noise.

•Sample Sentence: The engine's terrific roar echoed through the valley during the test.

•Turkish Translation: Motorun müthiş gürültüsü test sırasında vadide yankılandı.

8.Send out (v) / Göndermek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi belirli bir yöne doğru göndermek veya yollamak.

•English Definition: To cause something to be directed or transmitted in a particular direction.

•Sample Sentence: The radar system sends out electromagnetic waves to detect objects.

•Turkish Translation: Radar sistemi nesneleri tespit etmek için elektromanyetik dalgalar gönderir.

9.Trails of fire (n) / Alev izleri

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin arkasında veya peşinde bıraktığı ateş izleri.

•English Definition: Lines or streaks of fire left behind something.

•Sample Sentence: The rocket left trails of fire as it ascended into the sky.

•Turkish Translation: Roket gökyüzüne yükseldiğinde alev izleri bıraktı.

10.Blast sb/sth down (v) / Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.

•Turkish Definition: Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.

•English Definition: To demolish someone or something with a destructive explosion.

•Sample Sentence: The demolition crew blasted down the old bridge to make way for the new construction.

•Turkish Translation: Yıkım ekibi, yeni inşaat için yol yapmak için eski köprüyü patlatıp yere indirdi..

11.The water brake (n) / Su freni

•Turkish Definition: Bir makinenin hızını veya gücünü kontrol etmek için suyun direncini kullanan bir fren sistemi.

•English Definition: A braking system that uses water resistance to control the speed or power of a machine.

•Sample Sentence: The water brake is used in dynamometer testing to simulate real-world conditions.

•Turkish Translation: Su freni, dinamometre testlerinde gerçek dünya koşullarını simüle etmek için kullanılır.

12.To be mounted on sth (v) / Bir şeye monte edilmek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin üzerine yerleştirilmek veya bağlanmak.

•English Definition: To be attached or fixed onto something.

•Sample Sentence: The camera is mounted on the robotic arm to capture precise movements.

•Turkish Translation: Kamera, hassas hareketleri yakalamak için robotik kola monte edilir.

13.Envisage (v) / Öngörmek

•Turkish Definition: Bir olayın veya durumun gelecekteki olası sonuçlarını görmek veya tahmin etmek.

•English Definition: To imagine or foresee the potential outcomes of an event or situation.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers envisage a future where renewable energy sources dominate the energy sector.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının enerji sektörünü domine ettiği bir gelecek öngörüyorlar.

14.Rough calculations (n) / Kabataslak hesaplamalar

Turkish Definition: Kesin olmayan veya ayrıntılı olmayan matematiksel hesaplamalar.

•English Definition: Mathematical calculations that are not precise or detailed.

•Sample Sentence: The engineer made rough calculations to estimate the load-bearing capacity of the bridge.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, köprünün taşıma kapasitesini tahmin etmek için kabataslak hesaplamalar yaptı.

15.Progressive acceleration (n) / Kademeli ivme

•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla artması.

•English Definition: The gradual increase in speed over time.

•Sample Sentence: The vehicle's progressive acceleration enhances fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.

•Turkish Translation: Araçtaki kademeli ivme, yakıt verimliliğini artırır ve emisyonları azaltır.

16.Progressive deceleration (n) / Kademeli yavaşlama

•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla azalması.

•English Definition: The gradual decrease in speed over time.

•Sample Sentence: The train's progressive deceleration ensured a smooth and comfortable stop at the station.

•Turkish Translation: Trenin kademeli yavaşlaması, istasyonda düzgün ve konforlu bir duruş sağladı.

17.Standstill (n) / Durma

•Turkish Definition: Tamamen durmuş; hareketsiz

•English Definition: A complete stop.

•Sample Sentence: The machine came to a standstill due to a malfunction in the control system.

•Turkish Translation: Makine, kontrol sistemindeki bir arıza nedeniyle tamamen durdu.

18.A safety margin (n) / Güvenlik marjı

•Turkish Definition: Beklenmedik durumlar veya hatalar için bir koruma veya yedekleme miktarı.

•English Definition: An amount of protection or backup for unexpected situations or errors.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers design structures with a safety margin to ensure resilience against unforeseen loads.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yapıların beklenmedik yükler karşısında direnç sağlamak için bir güvenlik marjıyla tasarlarlar.

19.Rail-mounted (adj) / Ray montajlı

•Turkish Definition: Bir ray üzerinde hareket edebilen veya monte edilebilen.

•English Definition: Able to move along or be mounted on a rail.

•Sample Sentence: The rail-mounted crane facilitates efficient cargo handling in industrial settings.

•Turkish Translation: Ray montajlı vinç, endüstriyel ortamlarda etkili yük taşıma sağlar.

20.Derail (v) / Raydan çıkmak

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin raylarının dışına çıkması.

•English Definition: To cause sth to leave its tracks.

•Sample Sentence: The faulty switch mechanism caused the train to derail, resulting in significant delays.

•Turkish Translation: Arızalı anahtar mekanizması, trenin raydan çıkmasına neden oldu ve önemli gecikmelere yol açtı.

21.Aerodynamic lift (n) / Aerodinamik kaldırma

•Turkish Definition: Bir cismin hava akışı nedeniyle yukarı doğru kaldırılması.

•English Definition: The upward force exerted on an object due to the flow of air.

•Sample Sentence: Aircraft wings are designed to generate aerodynamic lift to support flight.

•Turkish Translation: Uçak kanatları, uçuşu desteklemek için aerodinamik kaldırma üretmek üzere tasarlanmıştır.

22.Non-starter (n) / Başarısızlık

•Turkish Definition: Beklenen başlangıç veya başlangıçta bir şeyin gerçekleşmediği durum.

•English Definition: A situation where something expected to start or proceed fails to do so initially.

•Sample Sentence: The proposed project was deemed a non-starter due to lack of funding.

•Turkish Translation: Önerilen proje, yetersiz finansman nedeniyle bir başarısızlık olarak kabul edildi.

23.Fail-safe (adj) / Güvenli mod

•Turkish Definition: Bir arızada veya başarısızlık durumunda güvenlik sağlayan bir sistem veya tasarım.

•English Definition: A system or design that provides safety in the event of a malfunction or failure.

•Sample Sentence: The fail-safe mechanism automatically shuts down the system in case of overheating.

•Turkish Translation: Güvenli mod mekanizması, aşırı ısınma durumunda sistem otomatik olarak kapatır.

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions.

Capabilities and Limitations in Engineering Design

In engineering, understanding what a system can and cannot do is essential. A capable system is one that performs its intended functions under specific conditions. For example, an aircraft is capable of generating enough aerodynamic lift to overcome gravity and fly. However, a system’s capabilities are not unlimited. They are often affected by various limitations.

Limitations in engineering refer to the conditions or boundaries within which a system can operate safely and effectively. These limitations are usually set by physical laws, the properties of materials, or safety standards. For example, although an aircraft can generate lift, this ability is limited by how much force its wings can handle before they break.

When starting a new design, engineers usually make rough calculations to estimate what the system will be able to do and where it might fail. These calculations help them predict whether the system can handle the expected forces or whether it might break under pressure.

Take a train, for instance. A train is designed to speed up and slow down smoothly. Its ability to accelerate depends on the engine’s power, and its ability to decelerate depends on the braking system. If the train faces a condition that exceeds these abilities—like a very steep hill or an emergency stop—it might fail, which could be dangerous.

To avoid this, engineers build a safety margin into the system. This means they design the system to handle more than the expected maximum load. A safety margin acts as a buffer and reduces the risk of failure, making the system fail-safe—able to stay safe even in unexpected situations.

Still, engineers must be careful not to overdesign. A system that greatly exceeds its requirements might be too expensive, too complex, or too big to be useful. For example, building a train that can go faster than the speed of sound wouldn’t make sense for public transport.

In conclusion, engineering design is about understanding both what a system can do (its capabilities) and what it cannot do (its limitations). Engineers use rough calculations, consider acceleration and deceleration, include safety margins, and design systems that are strong enough—but not unnecessarily complex. This balanced approach helps create systems that are both effective and safe.

1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:

a) work well under specific conditions.                      b) handle more force than expected.

c) operate at the highest speed.                                   d) be made from common materials.

2. What usually defines the limitations of an engineering system?

a) The engineer’s creativity                                        b) The laws of physics and safety rules

c) The project’s budget                                               d) The number of engineers

3. Why do engineers make rough calculations at the start of a design?

a) To choose colors and appearance                                 b) To calculate the final cost

c) To understand the system's capabilities and limits       d) To avoid all possible risks

4. What does the train example in the text show?

a) Trains need to fly like planes                                                    b) Trains work best in bad weather

c) Acceleration and deceleration are affected by system limits    d) Trains should never stop suddenly

5. What is a safety margin in engineering?

a) The smallest force the system needs                                          b) Extra strength added for safety

c) The point where the system fails                                               d) The cost difference in a project

6. Why might a design that exceeds its needs be a “non-starter”?

a) It would look boring b) It would break safety rules

c) No one would want to build it d) It would be too expensive or complex

7. In this text, what does “fail-safe” mean?

a) The system needs no repairs                          b) The system is built for high speed

c) The system has maximum performance        d) The system is protected against failure

8. What does the text suggest engineers should do?

a) Balance capabilities with purpose and limitations          b) Design systems with unlimited power

c) Focus on how the system looks                                       d) Only try to reduce costs

Answers and Explanations

1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:

a) work well under specific conditions.

Explanation: The passage says that a system is capable if it performs its intended functions under specific conditions. This is the main idea of system capability.

2. What usually defines the limitations of an engineering system?

b) The laws of physics and safety rules

Explanation: Limitations come from natural laws, material strength, and safety regulations—not the designer’s creativity or budget.

3. Why do engineers make rough calculations at the start of a design?

c) To understand the system's capabilities and limits

Explanation: Engineers use rough calculations to estimate how well the system might perform and what its limits are. This helps guide the design process.

4. What does the train example in the text show?

c) Acceleration and deceleration are affected by system limits

Explanation: The train example shows that the ability to speed up and slow down depends on the engine and brakes—and both have limits.

5. What is a safety margin in engineering?

b) Extra strength added for safety

Explanation: A safety margin is extra capacity in the system to make sure it still works safely even if the forces are stronger than expected.

6. Why might a design that exceeds its needs be a “non-starter”?

d) It would be too expensive or complex

Explanation: If a system is designed to do much more than necessary, it can become too costly, large, or difficult to build. That makes the project unrealistic.

7. In this text, what does “fail-safe” mean?

d) The system is protected against failure

Explanation: A fail-safe design helps the system keep working safely, even if something unexpected happens.

8. What does the text suggest engineers should do?

a) Balance capabilities with purpose and limitations

Explanation: The passage explains that good design means making sure the system does what it’s supposed to—without being too powerful, too weak, or too expensive.

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 10 Pgs:82-83) -18

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries

Vocabulary pp 82-83 – Discussing relative performance – Updated on 27 May 2025

1.Relative (adj) / İlgili

•Turkish Definition: İki veya daha fazla şey arasındaki ilişkiyi ifade eden; bağlantılı olan.

•English Definition: Expressing the relationship between two or more things; connected.

•Sample Sentence: The relative position of the components affects the overall performance of the system.

•Turkish Translation: Bileşenlerin göreceli konumu sistemin genel performansını etkiler.

2.Relative performance (n) / Göreceli performans

•Turkish Definition: Bir sistemin veya cihazın diğerine göre başarısı veya etkinliği.

•English Definition: The success or effectiveness of a system or device compared to another.

•Sample Sentence: The relative performance of the new engine model was better than the previous one.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni motor modelinin göreceli performansı öncekine göre daha iyiydi.

3.Comparative analysis / Karşılaştırmalı analiz

•Turkish Definition: Farklı durumları veya özellikleri karşılaştırmak için yapılan detaylı inceleme.

•English Definition: Detailed examination of different situations or characteristics for comparison.

•Sample Sentence: The company conducted a comparative analysis of different materials to select the most suitable one for the project.

•Turkish Translation: Şirket, projeye en uygun olanı seçmek için farklı malzemelerin karşılaştırmalı analizini yaptı.

4.Convenience / Kolaylık

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi yapmayı daha kolay veya rahat hale getiren durum.

•English Definition: The state of being convenient; easy to use or suitable for a particular purpose.

•Sample Sentence: The location of the laboratory provides convenience for conducting experiments.

•Turkish Translation: Laboratuvarın konumu deneylerin yapılmasını kolaylaştırır.

5.Efficiency (n) / Verimlilik

•Turkish Definition: Bir işin ne kadar iyi yapıldığını veya ne kadar az kaynak kullanıldığını belirten durum.

•English Definition: The state of being efficient; achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.

•Sample Sentence: Increasing the efficiency of the production line resulted in significant cost savings.

•Turkish Translation: Üretim hattının verimliliğini artırmak önemli miktarda maliyet tasarrufuna yol açtı.

6.Efficient (adj) / Verimli

•Turkish Definition: Bir işi iyi veya etkili bir şekilde yapan.

•English Definition: Performing or functioning effectively and with minimum wasted effort.

•Sample Sentence: The new system is more efficient than the previous one in terms of energy consumption.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni sistem enerji tüketimi açısından öncekine göre daha verimlidir.

7.Relative effectiveness (n) / Göreceli etkinlik

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin diğerine göre ne kadar etkili olduğunu belirten durum.

•English Definition: The extent to which something is effective compared to something else.

•Sample Sentence: The relative effectiveness of different mass-transport solutions varies depending on the city's infrastructure.

•Turkish Translation: Farklı kütle taşıma çözümlerinin göreceli etkinliği şehrin altyapısına bağlı olarak değişir.

8.Mass-transport solutions (n) / Kütle/kitle/toplu taşıma çözümleri

•Turkish Definition: Geniş bir nüfusu taşımak için kullanılan toplu taşıma sistemleri veya çözümleri.

•English Definition: Public transportation systems or solutions used to transport large numbers of people.

•Sample Sentence: The city is exploring various mass-transport solutions to alleviate traffic congestion.

•Turkish Translation: Şehir, trafik sıkışıklığını hafifletmek için çeşitli kütle taşıma çözümlerini araştırıyor.

9.Criterion (n) / Kriter

•Turkish Definition: Bir değerlendirmenin temelini oluşturan ölçüt veya standart.

•English Definition: A principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided.

•Sample Sentence: Safety is a key criterion when evaluating new engineering designs.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni mühendislik tasarımlarını değerlendirirken güvenlik önemli bir kriterdir.

10.Factor (n) / Faktör

•Turkish Definition: Bir sonucu etkileyen veya belirleyen durum veya öğe.

•English Definition: A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome.

•Sample Sentence: Cost is a significant factor in determining the feasibility of a project.

•Turkish Translation: Maliyet, bir proje yapılabilirliğini belirlemede önemli bir faktördür.

11.Vary (v) / Değişmek

•Turkish Definition: Farklılık göstermek veya değişmek.

•English Definition: To change or differ in some way, especially in size, amount, or form.

•Sample Sentence: The temperature can vary significantly depending on the time of day.

•Turkish Translation: Sıcaklık günün saati göre önemli ölçüde değişebilir.

12.Variable (adj) / Değişken

•Turkish Definition: Değişime veya değişikliğe tabi olan.

•English Definition: Able to change or be changed; not consistent or having a fixed pattern.

•Sample Sentence: The variable wind speed makes it challenging to predict weather patterns accurately.

•Turkish Translation: Değişken rüzgar hızı, hava durumu desenlerini doğru bir şekilde tahmin etmeyi zorlaştırır.

13.Variable (n) / Değişken

•Turkish Definition: Bir deneyde veya analizde değişen bir durum veya faktör.

•English Definition: A factor or element that can change or vary in an experiment or analysis.

•Sample Sentence: Temperature and humidity are important variables to consider in agricultural research.

•Turkish Translation: Sıcaklık ve nem tarımsal araştırmalarda dikkate alınması gereken önemli değişkenlerdir.

14.Operating speed (n) / İşletme hızı

•Turkish Definition: Bir sistem veya cihazın normal çalışma hızı.

•English Definition: The speed at which a system or device operates under normal conditions.

•Sample Sentence: The operating speed of the new conveyor belt is faster than the previous one.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni taşıma bandının işletme hızı öncekine göre daha hızlıdır.

15.Modify (v) / Değiştirmek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi değiştirmek veya modifiye etmek.

•English Definition: To make partial or minor changes to something in order to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose.

•Sample Sentence: The engineers need to modify the design to meet the new safety standards.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yeni güvenlik standartlarını karşılamak için tasarımı değiştirmek zorundalar.

16.Modified (adj) / Modifiye edilmiş

•Turkish Definition: Değiştirilmiş veya düzeltilmiş.

•English Definition: Changed in some way from its original form, typically to improve or adapt it.

•Sample Sentence: The modified version of the software includes several new features.

•Turkish Translation: Yazılımın modifiye edilmiş sürümü birkaç yeni özellik içerir.

17.Slightly modified (adj) / Hafifçe modifiye edilmiş

•Turkish Definition: Biraz değiştirilmiş veya düzeltilmiş.

•English Definition: Changed to a small degree from its original form.

•Sample Sentence: The design was slightly modified to reduce manufacturing costs.

•Turkish Translation: Tasarım, üretim maliyetlerini azaltmak için hafifçe modifiye edildi.

18.Heavily modified (adj) / Ağır modifiye edilmiş

•Turkish Definition: Büyük ölçüde değiştirilmiş veya düzeltilmiş.

•English Definition: Changed significantly from its original form.

•Sample Sentence: The heavily modified engine provides better performance than the standard model.

•Turkish Translation: Ağır modifiye edilmiş motor, standart modele göre daha iyi performans sağlar.

19.Coach (train) (n) / Vagon

•Turkish Definition: Bir trenin yolcu taşımak için kullanılan bölümü.

•English Definition: A carriage of a train designed to carry passengers.

•Sample Sentence: Passengers can relax comfortably in the coach while traveling long distances.

•Turkish Translation: Yolcular uzun mesafeleri seyahat ederken vagon içinde rahatça dinlenebilirler.

20.Consulting engineer (n) / Danışman mühendis

•Turkish Definition: Bir proje veya tasarım sürecinde uzman tavsiyesi ve yardımı sağlayan mühendis.

•English Definition: An engineer who provides expert advice and assistance during a project or design process.

•Sample Sentence: The consulting engineer helped optimize the structural design of the new building.

•Turkish Translation: Danışman mühendis, yeni binanın yapısal tasarımını optimize etmeye yardımcı oldu.

21.Bodywork (n) / Gövde işçiliği

•Turkish Definition: Bir aracın veya makinenin dış kısmı veya şasisi.

•English Definition: The outer shell or framework of a vehicle or machine.

•Sample Sentence: The bodywork of the car was damaged in the accident and needed repairs.

•Turkish Translation: Araçtaki gövde işçiliği kaza sonucu zarar gördü ve onarıma ihtiyacı vardı.

22.Margin (n) / Marj

•Turkish Definition: Bir miktarın üzerindeki küçük bir fark veya boşluk.

•English Definition: A small amount by which a thing is won or falls short.

•Sample Sentence: The project was completed with only a small margin of error.

•Turkish Translation: Proje, yalnızca küçük bir hata marjıyla tamamlandı.

23.A tiny margin (n) / Çok küçük bir marj

•Turkish Definition: Çok az bir fark veya boşluk.

•English Definition: A very small difference or gap.

•Sample Sentence: The team won the championship by a tiny margin.

•Turkish Translation: Takım, şampiyonluğu çok küçük bir marj ile kazandı.

24.A huge margin (n) / Çok büyük bir marj

•Turkish Definition: Çok büyük bir fark veya boşluk.

•English Definition: A very large difference or gap.

•Sample Sentence: The company outperformed its competitors by a huge margin.

•Turkish Translation: Şirket, rakiplerini çok büyük bir marj ile geride bıraktı.

25.To a certain extent (collocation) / Belirli bir dereceye kadar

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin sınırlı bir ölçüde geçerli olduğu nokta.

•English Definition: To a limited degree; partly.

•Sample Sentence: The success of the project depends on funding to a certain extent.

•Turkish Translation: Projenin başarısı belirli bir dereceye kadar finansmana bağlıdır.

26.To a considerable extent (collocation) / Önemli ölçüde

•Turkish Definition: Önemli bir derecede veya miktar.

•English Definition: To a significant degree or amount.

•Sample Sentence: The outcome of the experiment was influenced to a considerable extent by external factors.

•Turkish Translation: Deneyin sonucu, önemli ölçüde dış faktörler tarafından etkilendi.

27.Significantly (adv) / Önemli ölçüde

•Turkish Definition: Önemli bir şekilde.

•English Definition: In a way that is large or important enough to be noticed or have an effect.

•Sample Sentence: The new technology significantly improved the efficiency of the manufacturing process.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni teknoloji, üretim sürecinin verimliliğini önemli ölçüde artırdı.

28.Slightly (adv) / Biraz

•Turkish Definition: Çok az derecede.

•English Definition: To a small degree; not very much.

•Sample Sentence: The temperature increased slightly during the afternoon.

•Turkish Translation: Sıcaklık öğleden sonra hafifçe arttı.

29.Marginally (adv) / Marjinal olarak

•Turkish Definition: Çok az bir farkla veya derece ile.

•English Definition: To a limited extent or degree.

•Sample Sentence: The company's profits only increased marginally compared to last year.

•Turkish Translation: Şirketin karı, geçen yıla kıyasla sadece marjinal olarak arttı.

30.Substantially (adv) / Önemli ölçüde

•Turkish Definition: Önemli miktarda veya derecede.

•English Definition: To a great or significant extent.

•Sample Sentence: The new software reduced processing time substantially.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni yazılım işlem süresini önemli ölçüde azalttı.

31.A slight amount (n) / Küçük bir miktar

•Turkish Definition: Çok az miktarda.

•English Definition: A small quantity or degree.

•Sample Sentence: Add only a slight amount of detergent to the solution.

•Turkish Translation: Çözeltiye sadece biraz deterjan ekleyin.

32.A considerable amount (n) / Önemli bir miktar

•Turkish Definition: Çok miktarda veya derecede.

•English Definition: A large quantity or degree.

•Sample Sentence: The project required a considerable amount of funding to be completed.

•Turkish Translation: Proje tamamlanması için önemli miktarda finansmana ihtiyaç duyuyordu.

33.Catenary cables (n) / Katarina kabloları

•Turkish Definition: Yüksek gerilim hatlarında kullanılan yük taşıyan kablolar.

•English Definition: Cables that carry electric power from pylons or other suspended structures in a catenary system.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers inspected the catenary cables to ensure they were properly installed.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, katarina kablolarının uygun şekilde kurulduğundan emin olmak için inceleme yaptılar.

34.Oscillation (n) / Titreme

•Turkish Definition: Düzenli bir şekilde bir yerden bir yere hareket etme.

•English Definition: The repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value or between two or more different states.

•Sample Sentence: The oscillation of the bridge caused structural fatigue over time.

•Turkish Translation: Köprünün titremesi zamanla yapısal yorgunluğa neden oldu.

35.Camber (n) / Eğrilik ya da kavis

•Turkish Definition: Bir yüzeyin eğriliği veya kavisli olma durumu.

•English Definition: The slight convexity of a surface, such as of a road or a ship's deck.

•Sample Sentence: The road was designed with a slight camber to improve drainage.

•Turkish Translation: Yol, drenajı iyileştirmek için hafif bir eğrilikle tasarlandı.

36.Camber of the track (n) / Pistin eğriliği ya da kavisi

•Turkish Definition: Bir yarış pistinin eğriliği veya eğimi.

•English Definition: The curvature or slope of a race track.

•Sample Sentence: The camber of the track affects the handling of the race car.

•Turkish Translation: Pistin eğriliği, yarış arabasının kontrolünü etkiler.

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions.

Choosing the Right Mass-Transport Solution: A Comparative Analysis

As a consulting engineer specializing in mass-transport solutions, I'm frequently tasked with evaluating the relative performance of different options for a project. This involves a thorough comparative analysis that goes beyond just convenience for passengers. We delve into factors that determine overall efficiency.

Relative effectiveness, in this context, hinges on several key criteria. Operating speed is a crucial factor, but it's not the only one. We must consider variables such as capacity, infrastructure requirements, and oscillation (the swaying motion experienced by passengers).

Here's where the concept of relative performance comes into play. For instance, a high-speed rail line might boast a significantly faster operating speed compared to a light rail system. However, light rail might offer a higher passenger capacity and require less extensive bodywork modifications to existing infrastructure.

The degree to which these factors influence the decision depends on the specific project. A slightly modified tram system might be a marginally better option for a short, inner-city route with a tight budget. On the other hand, a heavily modified train network with a higher initial investment could be substantially more effective for a long-distance route with a high projected ridership.

The impact of each variable can vary considerably. For example, camber (the inward tilt of a track) can significantly improve passenger comfort on high-speed lines, but it might be a less critical factor for a slower tram system with a smaller margin for error.

Ultimately, the goal is to strike a balance between efficiency and convenience within a realistic budget. A consulting engineer's role is to identify the solution that offers the most effective use of resources while meeting the project's specific needs, to a certain extent. There will always be trade-offs, but by carefully considering relative performance, we can ensure the chosen mass-transport solution delivers the best possible outcome.

1. The main purpose of a comparative analysis in choosing a mass-transport solution is to:

a) evaluate overall efficiency for a project.         b) identify the fastest option.

c) prioritize passenger comfort.                           d) minimize construction costs.

2. The term "relative effectiveness" in the passage refers to:

a) how a system compares to itself over time     . b) a system's effectiveness compared to another.

c) the ease of use for passengers.                          d) the initial cost of implementing a system.

3. Which of the following factors is NOT explicitly mentioned as a variable to consider in the passage?

a) Environmental impact        b) Maintenance costs            c) Capacity         d) Operating speed

4. According to the passage, a slightly modified tram system might be preferable for:

a) a long-distance route with high ridership.       b) a short, inner-city route with a tight budget.

c) a high-speed line with a focus on comfort.     d) a heavily populated area with existing infrastructure.

5. The impact of camber on passenger comfort is likely to be:

a) the same for all types of mass-transport systems.        b) more significant for slower tram systems.

c) most crucial for high-speed lines.                                d) irrelevant for efficient operation.

6. The author uses the phrase "to a certain extent" to suggest that:

a) a perfect balance between efficiency and convenience is impossible.

b) consulting engineers have complete control over the decision.

c) passenger needs are always the top priority.

d) budget constraints might limit the ideal solution.

7. The passage suggests that consulting engineers can:

a) guarantee a perfect mass-transport solution for every project.

b) prioritize convenience over efficiency in all cases.

c) identify the most effective use of resources within project constraints.

d) completely eliminate trade-offs when making decisions.

Answers and explanations

1.Answer: (a) evaluate overall efficiency for a project.

(Explained: The passage emphasizes looking beyond convenience and focusing on factors that contribute to the project's overall efficiency.)

2.Answer: (b) a system's effectiveness compared to another.

(Explained: "Relative effectiveness" compares options, not a system to itself.)

3.Answer: (a) Environmental impact

(Explained: The passage focuses on operational factors, not environmental impact.)

4.Answer: (b) a short, inner-city route with a tight budget.

(Explained: The passage highlights cost-effectiveness and existing infrastructure for short routes.)

5.Answer: (c) most crucial for high-speed lines.

(Explained: Camber is mentioned as important for passenger comfort, especially at high speeds.)

6.Answer: (d) budget constraints might limit the ideal solution.

(Explained: "To a certain extent" implies limitations, likely due to budget.)

7.Answer: (c) identify the most effective use of resources within project constraints.

(Explained: The role is to find the best fit, considering limitations