LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries
Vocabulary pp 84-85 – Describing capabilities and limitations – Updated on 01 June 2025
The definitions and sample sentences:
1.Capability (n) / Yetenek
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi başarma yeteneği veya kapasitesi.
•English Definition: The ability or capacity to achieve something.
•Sample Sentence: The new engine has the capability to generate higher power output.
•Turkish Translation: Yeni motor daha yüksek güç çıkışı üretme yeteneğine sahiptir.
2.To be capable of (v) / -e yetenekli olmak
•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi başarma yeteneğine sahip olmak.
•English Definition: To have the ability to achieve an action.
•Sample Sentence: The bridge design is capable of withstanding strong winds.
•Turkish Translation: Köprü tasarımı güçlü rüzgarlara dayanma yeteneğine sahiptir.
3.To be incapable of (v) / -e yeteneksiz olmak
•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi gerçekleştirmeye yeteneği olmamak.
•English Definition: To lack the ability to achieve an action.
•Sample Sentence: The old machinery is incapable of meeting modern production demands.
•Turkish Translation: Eski makine modern üretim taleplerini karşılama yeteneğine sahip değildir.
4.Limitation (n) / Sınırlama
•Turkish Definition: Limitation (sınırlama/kısıtlama), bir sistemin, sürecin veya bileşenin performansını, tasarımını, uygulamasını veya işlevselliğini etkileyen bir kısıtlamadır. Mühendislikte, güvenlik, verimlilik ve uygulanabilirliği sağlamak için tasarım ve analiz aşamalarında bu sınırlamalar dikkate alınmalıdır.
•English Definition: A limitation is a restriction or constraint that affects the performance, design, application, or functionality of a system, process, or component. Limitations must be considered during the engineering design and analysis phases to ensure safety, efficiency, and feasibility.
•Sample Sentence: One major limitation of the current design is its inability to operate at high temperatures.
•Turkish Translation: Mevcut tasarımın en büyük sınırlamalarından biri, yüksek sıcaklıklarda çalışamamasıdır.
5.Sled (n) / Kızak
•Turkish Definition: Sled, genellikle kızak benzeri raylara veya düşük sürtünmeli yüzeylere monte edilmiş bir platform ya da çerçevedir. Ekipman veya malzeme taşımak için kullanılır. Mühendislikte ayrıca test, taşıma veya fırlatma sistemlerinde kullanılan bir taban ya da taşıyıcı yapıyı da ifade edebilir.
•English Definition: A sled is a type of platform or frame, often mounted on runners or low-friction surfaces, used to carry equipment or materials, especially over snow, ice, or other low-friction surfaces. In engineering, it may also refer to a base or carriage used in testing, transportation, or launching systems.
•Sample Sentence: The crash test dummy was mounted on a high-speed sled to simulate the effects of a vehicle collision.
•Turkish Translation: Araç çarpışmasının etkilerini simüle etmek için çarpışma testi mankeni yüksek hızlı bir kızağa monte edildi.
6.Detonate (v) / Patlamak
•Turkish Definition: Patlamaya neden olmak veya patlamak.
•English Definition: To cause to explode or to explode suddenly.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers detonated the explosive charges to demolish the old building.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, eski binayı yıkmak için patlayıcı şarjları patlattılar.
7.Terrific roar (n) / Korkunç gürültü
•Turkish Definition: Korkunç veya korkutucu bir gürültü.
•English Definition: A loud or terrifying noise.
•Sample Sentence: The engine's terrific roar echoed through the valley during the test.
•Turkish Translation: Motorun müthiş gürültüsü test sırasında vadide yankılandı.
8.Send out (v) / Göndermek
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi belirli bir yöne doğru göndermek veya yollamak.
•English Definition: To cause something to be directed or transmitted in a particular direction.
•Sample Sentence: The radar system sends out electromagnetic waves to detect objects.
•Turkish Translation: Radar sistemi nesneleri tespit etmek için elektromanyetik dalgalar gönderir.
9.Trails of fire (n) / Alev izleri
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin arkasında veya peşinde bıraktığı ateş izleri.
•English Definition: Lines or streaks of fire left behind something.
•Sample Sentence: The rocket left trails of fire as it ascended into the sky.
•Turkish Translation: Roket gökyüzüne yükseldiğinde alev izleri bıraktı.
10.Blast sb/sth down (v) / Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.
•Turkish Definition: Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.
•English Definition: To demolish someone or something with a destructive explosion.
•Sample Sentence: The demolition crew blasted down the old bridge to make way for the new construction.
•Turkish Translation: Yıkım ekibi, yeni inşaat için yol yapmak için eski köprüyü patlatıp yere indirdi..
11.The water brake (n) / Su freni
•Turkish Definition: Bir makinenin hızını veya gücünü kontrol etmek için suyun direncini kullanan bir fren sistemi.
•English Definition: A braking system that uses water resistance to control the speed or power of a machine.
•Sample Sentence: The water brake is used in dynamometer testing to simulate real-world conditions.
•Turkish Translation: Su freni, dinamometre testlerinde gerçek dünya koşullarını simüle etmek için kullanılır.
12.To be mounted on sth (v) / Bir şeye monte edilmek
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin üzerine yerleştirilmek veya bağlanmak.
•English Definition: To be attached or fixed onto something.
•Sample Sentence: The camera is mounted on the robotic arm to capture precise movements.
•Turkish Translation: Kamera, hassas hareketleri yakalamak için robotik kola monte edilir.
13.Envisage (v) / Öngörmek
•Turkish Definition: Bir olayın veya durumun gelecekteki olası sonuçlarını görmek veya tahmin etmek.
•English Definition: To imagine or foresee the potential outcomes of an event or situation.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers envisage a future where renewable energy sources dominate the energy sector.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının enerji sektörünü domine ettiği bir gelecek öngörüyorlar.
14.Rough calculations (n) / Kabataslak hesaplamalar
Turkish Definition: Kesin olmayan veya ayrıntılı olmayan matematiksel hesaplamalar.
•English Definition: Mathematical calculations that are not precise or detailed.
•Sample Sentence: The engineer made rough calculations to estimate the load-bearing capacity of the bridge.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, köprünün taşıma kapasitesini tahmin etmek için kabataslak hesaplamalar yaptı.
15.Progressive acceleration (n) / Kademeli ivme
•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla artması.
•English Definition: The gradual increase in speed over time.
•Sample Sentence: The vehicle's progressive acceleration enhances fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.
•Turkish Translation: Araçtaki kademeli ivme, yakıt verimliliğini artırır ve emisyonları azaltır.
16.Progressive deceleration (n) / Kademeli yavaşlama
•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla azalması.
•English Definition: The gradual decrease in speed over time.
•Sample Sentence: The train's progressive deceleration ensured a smooth and comfortable stop at the station.
•Turkish Translation: Trenin kademeli yavaşlaması, istasyonda düzgün ve konforlu bir duruş sağladı.
17.Standstill (n) / Durma
•Turkish Definition: Tamamen durmuş; hareketsiz
•English Definition: A complete stop.
•Sample Sentence: The machine came to a standstill due to a malfunction in the control system.
•Turkish Translation: Makine, kontrol sistemindeki bir arıza nedeniyle tamamen durdu.
18.A safety margin (n) / Güvenlik marjı
•Turkish Definition: Beklenmedik durumlar veya hatalar için bir koruma veya yedekleme miktarı.
•English Definition: An amount of protection or backup for unexpected situations or errors.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers design structures with a safety margin to ensure resilience against unforeseen loads.
•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yapıların beklenmedik yükler karşısında direnç sağlamak için bir güvenlik marjıyla tasarlarlar.
19.Rail-mounted (adj) / Ray montajlı
•Turkish Definition: Bir ray üzerinde hareket edebilen veya monte edilebilen.
•English Definition: Able to move along or be mounted on a rail.
•Sample Sentence: The rail-mounted crane facilitates efficient cargo handling in industrial settings.
•Turkish Translation: Ray montajlı vinç, endüstriyel ortamlarda etkili yük taşıma sağlar.
20.Derail (v) / Raydan çıkmak
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin raylarının dışına çıkması.
•English Definition: To cause sth to leave its tracks.
•Sample Sentence: The faulty switch mechanism caused the train to derail, resulting in significant delays.
•Turkish Translation: Arızalı anahtar mekanizması, trenin raydan çıkmasına neden oldu ve önemli gecikmelere yol açtı.
21.Aerodynamic lift (n) / Aerodinamik kaldırma
•Turkish Definition: Bir cismin hava akışı nedeniyle yukarı doğru kaldırılması.
•English Definition: The upward force exerted on an object due to the flow of air.
•Sample Sentence: Aircraft wings are designed to generate aerodynamic lift to support flight.
•Turkish Translation: Uçak kanatları, uçuşu desteklemek için aerodinamik kaldırma üretmek üzere tasarlanmıştır.
22.Non-starter (n) / Başarısızlık
•Turkish Definition: Beklenen başlangıç veya başlangıçta bir şeyin gerçekleşmediği durum.
•English Definition: A situation where something expected to start or proceed fails to do so initially.
•Sample Sentence: The proposed project was deemed a non-starter due to lack of funding.
•Turkish Translation: Önerilen proje, yetersiz finansman nedeniyle bir başarısızlık olarak kabul edildi.
23.Fail-safe (adj) / Güvenli mod
•Turkish Definition: Bir arızada veya başarısızlık durumunda güvenlik sağlayan bir sistem veya tasarım.
•English Definition: A system or design that provides safety in the event of a malfunction or failure.
•Sample Sentence: The fail-safe mechanism automatically shuts down the system in case of overheating.
•Turkish Translation: Güvenli mod mekanizması, aşırı ısınma durumunda sistem otomatik olarak kapatır.
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions.
Capabilities and Limitations in Engineering Design
In engineering, understanding what a system can and cannot do is essential. A capable system is one that performs its intended functions under specific conditions. For example, an aircraft is capable of generating enough aerodynamic lift to overcome gravity and fly. However, a system’s capabilities are not unlimited. They are often affected by various limitations.
Limitations in engineering refer to the conditions or boundaries within which a system can operate safely and effectively. These limitations are usually set by physical laws, the properties of materials, or safety standards. For example, although an aircraft can generate lift, this ability is limited by how much force its wings can handle before they break.
When starting a new design, engineers usually make rough calculations to estimate what the system will be able to do and where it might fail. These calculations help them predict whether the system can handle the expected forces or whether it might break under pressure.
Take a train, for instance. A train is designed to speed up and slow down smoothly. Its ability to accelerate depends on the engine’s power, and its ability to decelerate depends on the braking system. If the train faces a condition that exceeds these abilities—like a very steep hill or an emergency stop—it might fail, which could be dangerous.
To avoid this, engineers build a safety margin into the system. This means they design the system to handle more than the expected maximum load. A safety margin acts as a buffer and reduces the risk of failure, making the system fail-safe—able to stay safe even in unexpected situations.
Still, engineers must be careful not to overdesign. A system that greatly exceeds its requirements might be too expensive, too complex, or too big to be useful. For example, building a train that can go faster than the speed of sound wouldn’t make sense for public transport.
In conclusion, engineering design is about understanding both what a system can do (its capabilities) and what it cannot do (its limitations). Engineers use rough calculations, consider acceleration and deceleration, include safety margins, and design systems that are strong enough—but not unnecessarily complex. This balanced approach helps create systems that are both effective and safe.
1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:
a) work well under specific conditions. b) handle more force than expected.
c) operate at the highest speed. d) be made from common materials.
2. What usually defines the limitations of an engineering system?
a) The engineer’s creativity b) The laws of physics and safety rules
c) The project’s budget d) The number of engineers
3. Why do engineers make rough calculations at the start of a design?
a) To choose colors and appearance b) To calculate the final cost
c) To understand the system's capabilities and limits d) To avoid all possible risks
4. What does the train example in the text show?
a) Trains need to fly like planes b) Trains work best in bad weather
c) Acceleration and deceleration are affected by system limits d) Trains should never stop suddenly
5. What is a safety margin in engineering?
a) The smallest force the system needs b) Extra strength added for safety
c) The point where the system fails d) The cost difference in a project
6. Why might a design that exceeds its needs be a “non-starter”?
a) It would look boring b) It would break safety rules
c) No one would want to build it d) It would be too expensive or complex
7. In this text, what does “fail-safe” mean?
a) The system needs no repairs b) The system is built for high speed
c) The system has maximum performance d) The system is protected against failure
8. What does the text suggest engineers should do?
a) Balance capabilities with purpose and limitations b) Design systems with unlimited power
c) Focus on how the system looks d) Only try to reduce costs
Answers and Explanations
1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:
a) work well under specific conditions.
Explanation: The passage says that a system is capable if it performs its intended functions under specific conditions. This is the main idea of system capability.
2. What usually defines the limitations of an engineering system?
b) The laws of physics and safety rules
Explanation: Limitations come from natural laws, material strength, and safety regulations—not the designer’s creativity or budget.
3. Why do engineers make rough calculations at the start of a design?
c) To understand the system's capabilities and limits
Explanation: Engineers use rough calculations to estimate how well the system might perform and what its limits are. This helps guide the design process.
4. What does the train example in the text show?
c) Acceleration and deceleration are affected by system limits
Explanation: The train example shows that the ability to speed up and slow down depends on the engine and brakes—and both have limits.
5. What is a safety margin in engineering?
b) Extra strength added for safety
Explanation: A safety margin is extra capacity in the system to make sure it still works safely even if the forces are stronger than expected.
6. Why might a design that exceeds its needs be a “non-starter”?
d) It would be too expensive or complex
Explanation: If a system is designed to do much more than necessary, it can become too costly, large, or difficult to build. That makes the project unrealistic.
7. In this text, what does “fail-safe” mean?
d) The system is protected against failure
Explanation: A fail-safe design helps the system keep working safely, even if something unexpected happens.
8. What does the text suggest engineers should do?
a) Balance capabilities with purpose and limitations
Explanation: The passage explains that good design means making sure the system does what it’s supposed to—without being too powerful, too weak, or too expensive.
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