LENG102 FERSHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 7 Pgs:60-61)-8

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 7 – Procedures and precautions

Vocabulary pp 60-61 – Working with written instructions and notices

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.Sheet metal (n)

•Definition: A thin, flat piece of metal made by an industrial process. It is used in many different applications, including car bodies, airplane wings, medical tables, and machinery.

•Turkish: Sac metal

•Sample sentence: "The mechanic used a piece of sheet metal to repair the damaged car door."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Tamirci, hasar görmüş araba kapısını onarmak için bir parça sac metal kullandı."

2.Precision weighing device (n)

•Definition: A tool designed to measure weight very accurately. It's often used in laboratories and industries where exact weight measurements are critical.

•Turkish: Hassas tartı cihazı

•Sample sentence: "The chemist used a precision weighing device to measure the chemicals accurately."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Kimyager, kimyasalları doğru bir şekilde ölçmek için hassas bir tartı cihazı kullandı."

3.User-serviceable (adj)

•Definition: Describes parts of a machine or device that can be repaired or serviced by the user without professional help.

•Turkish: Kullanıcı tarafından bakımı yapılabilecek

•Sample sentence: "The manual indicates which parts of the computer are user-serviceable."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Kılavuz, bilgisayarın hangi parçalarının kullanıcı tarafından bakımının yapılabileceğini gösterir."

4.Invalidate (v)

•Definition: To make something no longer valid or acceptable, often used in legal, technical, or engineering contexts.

•Turkish: Geçersiz kılmak

•Sample sentence: "The engineer found a critical error that could invalidate the entire experiment."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Mühendis, tüm deneyi geçersiz kılabilecek kritik bir hata buldu."

5.Load-bearing (adj)

•Definition: Describes a structure or component that supports weight and holds up other parts of a construction.

•Turkish: Yük taşıyan

•Sample sentence: "The load-bearing walls are essential for the building's stability."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Yük taşıyan duvarlar, binanın istikrarı için hayati öneme sahiptir."

6.Control lever (n)

•Definition: A handle or bar used to control a machine or mechanism.

•Turkish: Kontrol kolu

•Sample sentence: "He pulled the control lever to start the engine."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Motoru başlatmak için kontrol kolunu çekti."

7.Off-cuts (n)

•Definition: Pieces of material, such as wood or metal, that are left over after the main part has been cut or shaped.

•Turkish: Artık parçalar

•Sample sentence: "We can use the off-cuts for smaller projects instead of wasting them."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Onları israf etmek yerine artık parçaları daha küçük projeler için kullanabiliriz."

8.Air inlet (n)

•Definition: An opening or duct through which air enters a machine or system, especially for cooling or ventilation purposes.

•Turkish: Hava girişi

•Sample sentence: "The air inlet must be clear of obstructions to ensure proper ventilation."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Düzgün havalandırma sağlamak için hava girişinin tıkanıklıklardan arınmış olması gerekir."

9.Inlet grille (n)

•Definition: A protective grid or cover over an air inlet that prevents debris from entering while allowing air to flow through.

•Turkish: Giriş ızgarası

•Sample sentence: "The inlet grille needs cleaning to remove the accumulated dust."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Biriken tozu temizlemek için giriş ızgarasının temizlenmesi gerekiyor."

10.Obstruction (n)

•Definition: Something that blocks or gets in the way, preventing movement or the normal functioning of a process or system.

•Turkish: Tıkanıklık

•Sample sentence: "The technician removed the obstruction from the pipe to restore water flow."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Tekniker, su akışını yeniden sağlamak için borudaki tıkanıklığı çıkardı."

11.Blower (n)

•Definition: A machine or device that moves air or gas by forcing it forward, used for cooling, ventilation, or moving particles.

•Turkish: Üfleyici

•Sample sentence: "The blower helps distribute heat throughout the building during winter."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Üfleyici, kış boyunca binanın her yerine ısı dağıtılmasına yardımcı olur."

12.Precision-engineered (adj)

•Definition: Describes products or components designed and manufactured with very high accuracy and quality.

•Turkish: Hassas mühendislikle üretilmiş

•Sample sentence: "Precision-engineered parts are crucial for the aerospace industry."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Hassas mühendislikle üretilmiş parçalar, havacılık endüstrisi için hayati önem taşır."

13.Revolve (v)

•Definition: To move in a circle around a central point or axis.

•Turkish: Dönmek

•Sample sentence: "The gears revolve smoothly to transfer the engine's power."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Dişliler, motorun gücünü aktarmak için sorunsuz bir şekilde döner."

14.Susceptible (adj)

•Definition: Likely to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.

•Turkish: Hassas, duyarlı

•Sample sentence: "Electronic components are susceptible to damage from static electricity."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Elektronik bileşenler, statik elektrikten zarar görmeye duyarlıdır."

15.Vent (n)

•Definition: An opening that allows air, gas, or liquid to pass out of or into a confined space.

•Turkish: Havalandırma deliği

•Sample sentence: "The vent in the room allows for fresh air to circulate."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Odadaki havalandırma deliği, taze havanın dolaşımına izin verir."

16.External vent (n)

•Definition: A vent located on the outside of a building or structure, allowing for air exchange with the exterior environment.

•Turkish: Dış havalandırma deliği

•Sample sentence: "The external vent needs to be clear to prevent moisture buildup inside."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "İçeride nem birikimini önlemek için dış havalandırma deliğinin açık olması gerekiyor."

17. Air-intake duct (n)

•Definition: A passage or tube designed to direct incoming air to a specific part of a machine, such as an engine.

•Turkish: Hava alım kanalı

•Sample sentence: "The air-intake duct ensures that the engine receives enough air for combustion."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Hava alım kanalı, motorun yanma için yeterli havayı almasını sağlar."

18.Spring (n)

•Definition: An elastic device, typically made of metal, that can be pressed or pulled but returns to its original shape when released.

•Turkish: Yay

•Sample sentence: "The spring absorbs the shock when the car goes over a bump."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Araba bir tümseğin üzerinden geçtiğinde, yay şoku emer."

19.Spring mechanism (n)

•Definition: A system that uses one or more springs to function, often found in machines, tools, or devices to provide force or absorb shock.

•Turkish: Yay mekanizması

•Sample sentence: "The clock uses a spring mechanism to keep time accurately."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Saat, zamanı doğru bir şekilde tutmak için bir yay mekanizması kullanır."

20.Strain (v)

•Definition: To apply pressure or force to something, often causing it to stretch or deform.

•Turkish: Zorlamak, gerilmek

•Sample sentence: "The bridge will strain under the weight of heavy traffic."

•Turkish translation of the sentence: "Köprü, ağır trafik yükünün altında gerilecek."

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the best options.

1. The bridge is built on strong ________ structures that can hold the weight of cars and trucks.

(a) sheet metal                      (b) load-bearing                       (c) control lever

2. We need a ________ to measure the exact amount of gold for the jewelry.

(a) sheet metal                      (b) precision weighing device (c) user-serviceable

3. The ________ on the vacuum cleaner broke, but luckily it's ________ so we can fix it ourselves.

(a) control lever, user-serviceable           (b) spring mechanism, load-bearing                                                                                                (c) off-cuts, precision-engineered

4. A missing screw could ________ the entire assembly process.

(a) obstruct                               (b) revolve                                (c) invalidate

5. The ________ of the engine is blocked by leaves, which is causing the car to overheat.

(a) inlet                                     (b) blower                                 (c) control lever

6. The thin metal plates used to create the car's body are called ________.

(a) air-intake duct                     (b) off-cuts                                 (c) sheet metal

7. The metal ________ from the project can be recycled for future use.

(a) spring                                   (b) off-cuts                                c) external vent

8. The ________ on the air conditioner prevents dust from entering the system.

(a) inlet grille                             (b) blower                               (c) spring mechanism

9. The Earth ________ around the Sun once a year.

(a) suspends                                (b) obstructs                             (c) revolves

10. This type of paint is very ________ to scratches and fading.

(a) susceptible                            (b) precision-engineered           (c) user-serviceable

Answer key:

1. The bridge is built on strong (b) load-bearing structures that can hold the weight of cars and trucks.

2. We need a (b) precision weighing device to measure the exact amount of gold for the jewelry.

3. The (a) control lever on the vacuum cleaner broke, but luckily it's (a) user-serviceable so we can fix it ourselves.

4. A missing screw could (c) invalidate the entire assembly process.

5. The (a) inlet of the engine is blocked by leaves, which is causing the car to overheat.

6. The thin metal plates used to create the car's body are called (c) sheet metal.

7. The metal (b) off-cuts from the project can be recycled for future use.

8. The (a) inlet grille on the air conditioner prevents dust from entering the system.

9. The Earth (c) revolves around the Sun once a year.

10. This type of paint is very (a) susceptible to scratches and fading.

READING

Exercise 2: Read the text below and mark the statements as True or False (B1 level)

In a modern engineering workshop, a technician works diligently with various tools and components. He starts by selecting a piece of sheet metal, cutting it precisely to size for his project. Using a precision weighing device, he ensures that each part of his design has the exact weight required for balance and functionality. He checks the user-serviceable parts of his machinery to ensure everything is in order, occasionally having to invalidate parts that no longer meet the project's strict standards. The structure he's working on includes several load-bearing elements, ensuring stability and strength.

He adjusts the control lever to test the motion of the assembly, carefully placing off-cuts to the side for recycling. He examines the air inlet to ensure it's clear of any obstruction, occasionally cleaning the inlet grille to maintain optimal airflow. A powerful blower circulates air through the system, its components precision-engineered to work flawlessly together. The parts revolve smoothly, demonstrating their quality and the care taken in their selection and installation.

He is always cautious, knowing how susceptible the electronic components are to damage from static electricity. To prevent overheating, he installs a vent and an external vent, ensuring fresh air circulates through the system. An air-intake duct feeds the engine, crucial for its operation. The device incorporates a spring and a spring mechanism to absorb shocks and maintain tension, crucial for its functionality. Despite the strain this project places on him, the technician takes pride in his work, knowing that his dedication and attention to detail will result in a high-quality, reliable engineering solution.

1.The technician uses a precision weighing device to ensure each part of the design has the exact weight needed.

2.The technician uses off-cuts as the main material for the load-bearing elements.

3.The project includes several load-bearing elements to ensure stability and strength.

4.The control lever is used to stop the motion of the assembly instead of testing it.

5.An air inlet is examined to ensure it's clear of any obstructions.

6.The air inlet grille is permanently sealed to prevent air from entering the system.

7.A blower circulates air through the system, with its components being precision-engineered to work together smoothly.

8.The device incorporates a spring mechanism to absorb shocks and maintain tension.

9.Electronic components are resistant and not susceptible to damage from static electricity.

10.The external vent restricts air from circulating through the system, causing overheating.

Answers and explanations:

1.True. The text mentions that the technician uses a precision weighing device to make sure every part of his design meets the required weight, highlighting the importance of accuracy in engineering projects.

2.False. Off-cuts are mentioned as being set aside for recycling, not as the main material for load-bearing elements. This highlights the practice of material efficiency and recycling in engineering workshops.

3.True. The inclusion of load-bearing elements in the project is mentioned as essential for providing stability and strength to the structure, demonstrating basic engineering principles.

4.False. The control lever is used to test the motion of the assembly, not to stop it. This demonstrates the use of controls in testing and adjusting machinery for proper operation.

5.True. The technician's examination of the air inlet to ensure it's free from obstructions shows the importance of maintaining clear airflow for optimal operation of machinery.

6.False. The air inlet grille needs to be cleaned for maintaining airflow, not sealed. This underlines the importance of regular maintenance to ensure systems work efficiently.

7.True. The mention of a blower circulating air and the components being precision-engineered to work flawlessly together emphasizes the care taken in selecting and installing parts for efficient system function.

8.True. The device's incorporation of a spring mechanism for shock absorption and tension maintenance is highlighted, showing how mechanical elements are used to enhance the durability and functionality of engineering designs.

9.False. Electronic components being susceptible to static electricity damage is stated, emphasizing the need for careful handling to prevent damage and ensure the longevity of electronic systems.

10.False. The external vent is installed to ensure fresh air circulates, preventing overheating, not to restrict air flow. This clarifies the role of ventilation systems in maintaining optimal operating temperatures and preventing damage.

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 7 Pgs:58-59) 7

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 7 – Procedures and precautions

Vocabulary pp 58-59 – Discussing regulations and standard

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.Regulations (n.) - Yönetmelikler: Rules and guidelines established by an authority to control activities in a specific area.

•Sample Sentence: The new safety regulations for construction sites mandate the use of hard hats and steel-toed boots. (İnşaat sahaları için yeni güvenlik yönetmelikleri, sert şapka ve çelik burunlu bot kullanımını zorunlu kılıyor.)

2.Standards (n.) - Standartlar: Established levels of quality or performance that something should meet.

•Sample Sentence: The building must comply with the latest fire safety standards. (Bina, en son yangın güvenliği standartlarına uymalıdır.)

3.Safety regulations (n.) - Güvenlik yönetmelikleri: Specific rules designed to prevent accidents and injuries.

•Sample Sentence: Offshore oil platforms are subject to strict safety regulations to protect workers. (Deniz platformları, çalışanları korumak için sıkı güvenlik yönetmeliklerine tabidir.)

4.Design standards (n.) - Tasarım standartları: Established guidelines for the design of a product, system, or structure.

•Sample Sentence: The engineers followed the international design standards when building the bridge. (Mühendisler, köprüyü inşa ederken uluslararası tasarım standartlarını takip ettiler.)

5.Offshore (adj.) - Açık denizde: Located at sea, away from the coast.

•Sample Sentence: The company operates several offshore oil platforms in the North Sea. (Şirket, Kuzey Denizi'nde birkaç açık deniz petrol platformu işletmektedir.)

6.Offshore oil platform (n.) - Açık deniz petrol platformu: A large structure at sea used for drilling and extracting oil and gas.

•Sample Sentence: Working on an offshore oil platform can be dangerous due to the harsh weather conditions. (Açık deniz petrol platformunda çalışmak, zorlu hava koşulları nedeniyle tehlikeli olabilir.)

7.Extensive (adj.) - Kapsamlı, geniş: Considerable in amount, scope, or detail.

•Sample Sentence: The company conducted an extensive training course for its newly recruited engineers. (Şirket, yeni işe alınan mühendisleri için kapsamlı bir eğitim kursu düzenledi.)

8.Recruit (v.) - İşe almak: To hire someone for a job.

•Sample Sentence: The company is looking to recruit experienced software developers. (Şirket, deneyimli yazılım geliştiricileri arıyor.)

9.Newly recruited (adj.) - Yeni işe alınmış: Recently hired.

•Sample Sentence: The newly recruited engineers are eager to learn and contribute to the project. (Yeni işe alınan mühendisler öğrenmeye ve projeye katkıda bulunmaya heveslidir.)

10.Training course (n.) - Eğitim kursu: A program of instruction designed to develop specific skills or knowledge.

•Sample Sentence: All employees are required to attend a safety training course before starting work on the construction site. (Tüm çalışanların, inşaat sahasında çalışmaya başlamadan önce bir güvenlik eğitimi kursuna katılması zorunludur.)

11.Deal with (v.) - Ele almak, ilgilenmek: To handle or address a situation or problem.

•Sample Sentence: The engineers are still trying to deal with the technical difficulties encountered during the project. (Mühendisler, proje sırasında karşılaşılan teknik zorluklarla hala ilgilenmeye çalışıyor.)

12.Legislation (n.) - Mevzuat: Laws and regulations made by a governing body.

•Sample Sentence: The new legislation aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industries. (Yeni mevzuat, sanayiden kaynaklanan sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltmayı hedefliyor.)

13.Safety legislation (n.) - İş güvenliği mevzuatı: Laws and regulations specifically focused on ensuring workplace safety.

•Sample Sentence: Employers are obligated to comply with all safety legislation to protect their workers. (İşverenler, çalışanlarını korumak için tüm iş güvenliği mevzuatına uymak zorundadır.)

14.Obligation (n.) - Yükümlülük: A duty or responsibility to do something.

•Sample Sentence: It is the engineer's obligation to ensure the structural integrity of the building. (Binanın yapısal bütünlüğünü sağlamak, mühendisin yükümlülüğüdür.)

15.Personal obligations (n.) - Kişisel yükümlülükler: Responsibilities that belong to an individual.

•Sample Sentence: Balancing work and personal obligations can be challenging for many people. (İş ve kişisel yükümlülükleri dengelemek birçok kişi için zor olabilir.)

16.Compulsory (adj.) - Zorunlu: Required by law or regulation.

•Sample Sentence: Wearing a helmet is compulsory on construction sites. (İnşaat sahalarında kask takmak zorunludur.)

17.Legal requirements (n.) - Yasal zorunluluklar: Laws and regulations that must be followed.

•Sample Sentence: The company must comply with all legal requirements to operate safely. (Şirket, güvenli bir şekilde çalışmak için tüm yasal zorunluluklara uymalıdır.)

18. Stipulate (v.) - Belirlemek, şart koşmak: To state a requirement or condition clearly.

•Sample Sentence: The contract stipulates that the contractor must complete the project within the agreed timeframe. (Sözleşme, yüklenicinin projeyi kararlaştırılan zaman dilimi içinde tamamlamasını şart koşmaktadır.)

19.Contravene (v.) - İhlal etmek, aykırı davranmak: To violate a rule or agreement.

•Sample Sentence: Working without proper safety equipment contravenes company policy and safety regulations. (Uygun güvenlik ekipmanı olmadan çalışmak, şirket politikasını ve güvenlik yönetmeliklerini ihlal eder.)

20.Comply with (v.) - Uymak: To obey or follow a rule or regulation.

•Sample Sentence: All employees must comply with the company's dress code policy. (Tüm çalışanlar, şirketin kıyafet yönetmeliğine uymalıdır.)

21.Merely (adv.) - Sadece, yalnızca: Simply or only.

•Sample Sentence: Following safety regulations is not merely about avoiding penalties; it's about protecting lives. (Güvenlik yönetmeliklerine uymak, yalnızca cezadan kaçınmakla ilgili değildir; hayatları korumakla ilgilidir.)

22.Breach (v.) - İhlal etmek, bozmak: To break a rule or agreement.

•Sample Sentence: A breach of contract can lead to legal consequences. (Sözleşme ihlali, yasal sonuçlara yol açabilir.)

23.Contract of employment (n.) - İş sözleşmesi: A legal agreement between an employer and an employee outlining the terms and conditions of employment.

•Sample Sentence: The contract of employment specifies the employee's salary, benefits, and job duties. (İş sözleşmesi, çalışanın maaşını, yan haklarını ve iş görevlerini belirler.)

24.Break the law (v.) - Kanunu çiğnemek: To violate a law.

•Sample Sentence: Discharging pollutants without proper authorization is breaking the law. (Uygun yetki olmadan kirletici madde atmak kanunu çiğnemektir.)

25. Adhere to (v.) - Uymak, bağlı kalmak: To follow a rule or principle strictly.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers must adhere to ethical principles in their professional practice. (Mühendisler, mesleki uygulamalarında etik ilkelere uymalıdır.)

26.Conform to (v.) - Uymak, uygun olmak: To comply with a standard or expectation.

•Sample Sentence: The product must conform to all safety and quality standards. (Ürün, tüm güvenlik ve kalite standartlarına uygun olmalıdır.)

27.Obligatory (adj.) - Zorunlu: Required or necessary.

•Sample Sentence: Regular maintenance of equipment is obligatory to ensure its safe operation. (Ekipmanın güvenli çalışmasını sağlamak için düzenli bakımı zorunludur.)

28. Ferry (v.) - Taşımak, nakletmek: To transport people or goods from one place to another, typically by boat or aircraft.

•Sample Sentence: Helicopters are often used to ferry personnel and supplies to offshore oil platforms. (Helikopterler genellikle personel ve malzemeleri açık deniz petrol platformlarına taşımak için kullanılır.)

29. To be subject to (v.) - Tabi olmak: To be affected by something or be governed by a rule or regulation.

•Sample Sentence: Employees in hazardous environments are subject to strict safety protocols. (Tehlikeli ortamlarda çalışanlar, sıkı güvenlik protokollerine tabidir.)

30.Principally (adv.) - Esasen, genellikle: Mainly or primarily.

•Sample Sentence: The helideck is principally used for transporting personnel to and from offshore oil platforms. (Helikopter pisti, esasen personeli deniz platformlarına ve platformlardan taşımak için kullanılır.)

31.Fall within (v.) – Dahil olmak: To be included within a category, range, or scope of something.

•Sample Sentence: The cost of repairs falls within the warranty coverage. (Onarım maliyeti garanti kapsamına dahildir.)

32. Helideck (n.) - Helikopter pisti: A platform on a ship, offshore platform, or building designed for the landing and takeoff of helicopters.

•Sample sentence: The helideck is principally used for transporting personnel to and from offshore oil platforms. (Helikopter pisti, esasen personeli deniz platformlarına ve platformlardan taşımak için kullanılır.)

33.Lay down (v.) - Belirlemek, kural koymak: To establish a rule or principle.

•Sample Sentence: The company lays down strict guidelines for workplace safety. (Şirket, iş yerinde güvenlik için katı kurallar belirler.)

34.To be laid down (v.) - Belirlenmiş olmak: To be established or set out by authority.

•Sample Sentence: The procedures to be laid down for emergency situations are clear. (Acil durumlar için belirlenmiş prosedürler açıktır.)

35.Liaison (n.) - Bağlantı, irtibat: A person who acts as a link or intermediary between two groups or organizations.

•Sample Sentence: The project engineer acted as a liaison between the construction team and the client. (Proje mühendisi, inşaat ekibi ile müşteri arasında irtibat görevlisi olarak görev yaptı.)

36.Overhang (v.) - Uzatmak, taşmak: To extend over something else.

•Sample Sentence: The balcony overhangs the garden, providing shade. (Balkon bahçenin üzerine taşarak gölge sağlar.)

37. Overhanging (adj.): Projecting/Extending beyond something else.

•Sample Sentence: The building has a large overhanging roof that provides shade for the entrance. (Binanın girişine gölge sağlayan büyük bir çıkıntılı çatısı vardır.)

38. Perimeter (n.) - Çevre: The outer boundary of an area.

•Sample Sentence: The security guard patrols the perimeter of the construction site regularly. (Güvenlik görevlisi, şantiyenin çevresini düzenli olarak devriye eder.)

39. Anchor points (n.) - Sabitleme noktaları: Points where something is secured to prevent it from moving.

•Sample Sentence: The cargo ship is secured to the dock using several anchor points. (Kargo gemisi, rıhtıma birkaç sabitleme noktası kullanılarak bağlanmıştır.)

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the best options.

1. The new safety ___________ mandate the use of hard hats and steel-toed boots.

a) contracts         b) operations            c) obligations             d) regulations

2. The building must ___________ with the latest fire safety standards.

a) comply           b) stipulate                c) ferry                      d) contravene

3. The engineers followed the international ___________ standards when building the bridge.

a) training           b) obligation             c) design                    d) anchor

4. The company operates several ___________ oil platforms in the North Sea.

a) offshore          b) newly recruited      c) compulsory           d) perimeter

5. The company is looking to ___________ experienced software developers.

a) ferry                  b) recruit                  c) adhere                    d) conform

6. All employees are required to attend a ___________ course before starting work on the construction site.

a) safety training      b) design                 c) legal                      d) contractual

7. The engineers are still trying to ___________ with the technical difficulties encountered during the project.

a) adhere                   b) conform               c) recruit                      d) deal

8. It is the engineer's ___________ to ensure the structural integrity of the building.

a) regulation              b) standard               c) obligation               d) anchor point

9. Wearing a helmet is ___________ on construction sites.

a) extensive                 b) compulsory          c) preferable               d) personal

10. The company must comply with all ___________ requirements to operate safely.

a) legal                          b) personal              c) contractual               d) training

11. The contract ___________ that the contractor must complete the project within the agreed timeframe.

a) conforms                    b) adheres               c) stipulates                 d) recruits

12. Working without proper safety equipment ___________ company policy and safety regulations.

a) contravenes                  b) adheres              c) conforms                 d) stipulates

13. A breach of contract can lead to ___________ consequences.

a) personal                        b) extensive           c) obligatory                 d) legal

14. Engineers must ___________ to ethical principles in their professional practice.

a) apply                             b) adhere                c) recruit                      d) ferry

15. The product must ___________ to all safety and quality standards.

a) comply                            b) conform            c) contravene              d) obligate

16. Helicopters are often used to ___________ personnel and supplies to offshore oil platforms.

a) overhang                          b) ferry                 c) anchor                      d) perimeter

17. The project engineer acted as a ___________ between the construction team and the client.

a) regulation                          b) perimeter         c) liaison                      d) standard

18. The building has a large ___________ roof that provides shade for the entrance.

a) overhanging                        b) stipulated          c) contractual             d) obligatory

19. The security guard patrols the ___________ of the construction site regularly.

a) design                                  b) obligation          c) anchor point            d) perimeter

Answer key: 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. d 8. c 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. a 13. d 14. b 15. b 16. b 17. c 18. a 19. d

READING

Exercise 2: Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level)

"The Critical Role of Safety and Standards in Engineering Projects"

In the complex and dynamic field of engineering, the principles of safety and adherence to established standards are not just important—they are indispensable. Engineering projects, ranging from the construction of towering skyscrapers and expansive bridges to the development of cutting-edge technology in offshore oil platforms, all require meticulous attention to detail and a profound commitment to safety regulations and design standards.

Safety Regulations: A Shield Against Hazards

Safety regulations serve as a protective shield, safeguarding workers, the environment, and the general public from potential hazards associated with engineering projects. These regulations are developed by governmental bodies and industry organizations to ensure that every aspect of an engineering project, from initial planning to final execution, prioritizes safety above all else. For instance, in the construction of a high-rise building, safety regulations mandate the use of protective gear for workers and the implementation of strict protocols to prevent accidents and injuries.

Design Standards: The Blueprint of Excellence

Design standards, meanwhile, are the blueprints of excellence in engineering. They provide a framework for engineers to create structures and products that are not only functional and efficient but also durable and reliable under various conditions. These standards cover a wide range of criteria, including material quality, structural integrity, and environmental impact. Adhering to design standards ensures that an offshore oil platform, for example, can withstand the relentless forces of nature, such as storms and high waves, thus protecting both the workers and the marine ecosystem.

Compliance and Legal Obligations

Compliance with safety regulations and design standards is a legal requirement, not an option. Engineering firms and professionals must navigate a complex landscape of legislation that governs their work. Failure to comply can result in severe consequences, including legal penalties, financial losses, and damage to reputation. Beyond the legal aspect, there is a moral obligation to ensure the well-being of individuals and the preservation of the environment. Engineers take an oath to uphold these principles, recognizing that their work has a direct impact on society and the world at large.

The Role of Continuous Education and Training

The field of engineering is ever-evolving, with new materials, technologies, and methodologies emerging regularly. This dynamic nature requires engineers to engage in continuous education and training. Keeping abreast of the latest safety regulations and design standards is crucial for engineers to remain competent and competitive. Training courses and certification programs play a significant role in equipping engineers with the knowledge and skills necessary to tackle the challenges of modern engineering projects.

Conclusion: A Commitment to a Safer Future

The integration of safety regulations and design standards into the fabric of engineering practices is a testament to the profession's commitment to safeguarding lives and protecting the environment. Engineers, through their expertise and dedication, play a pivotal role in shaping a safer, more sustainable future. By adhering to these guidelines and embracing continuous learning, the engineering community continues to make significant contributions to society, driving innovation while ensuring the safety and well-being of all.

1. The passage emphasizes that the following are crucial for engineering projects:

a) Speed and cost-effectiveness           b) Completing projects as quickly as possible, regardless of safety

c) Creativity and artistic expression     d) Safety regulations and adherence to established standards

2. Safety regulations in engineering are primarily designed to:

a) Make projects more complex and challenging

b) Protect workers, the environment, and the public from potential hazards

c) Limit the creativity and freedom of engineers

d) Ensure that all buildings look similar and follow a specific style

3. The text compares design standards to blueprints because:

a) They provide engineers with detailed step-by-step instructions

b) They offer a framework for creating functional, durable, and reliable structures

c) They only specify the materials that should be used

d) They judge the aesthetic appeal of the final project

4. Following safety regulations and design standards in engineering is:

a) Optional and based on individual preferences     b) Recommended but not legally enforced

c) A legal obligation for engineers and their firms   d) Only applicable to large-scale engineering projects

5. The continuous education and training emphasized in the passage are necessary for engineers to:

a) Stay updated on the latest safety rules and design standards

b) Find loopholes and bypass safety regulations

c) Ignore environmental regulations and focus on efficiency

d) Learn the basic skills required to become an engineer

6. The responsibility of engineers, according to the text, extends beyond just building things. They are also expected to:

a) Prioritize profit and financial gain, even if it compromises safety

b) Focus solely on the functionality of their projects without considering aesthetics

c) Ignore regulations and work independently without oversight

d) Uphold ethical principles and prioritize the well-being of people and the environment

7. The future of engineering, as presented in the passage, is likely to involve:

a) An increased focus on safety, sustainability, and innovation

b) Relaxing safety regulations for faster project completion

c) Eliminating the need for design standards to save costs

d) Replacing human engineers with robots entirely

8. The phrase "pivotal role" in the context of the passage suggests that engineers:

a) Shoulder the sole responsibility for everything related to engineering projects

b) Are solely concerned with the technical aspects of their work and disregard other considerations

c) Play a crucial and critical role in shaping a safer and more sustainable future

d) Face numerous challenges and difficulties in their profession

Answers and Explanations:

1. Answer: (d) Safety regulations and adherence to established standards

•Explanation: The passage repeatedly emphasizes the importance of safety and following established standards throughout the text.

2. Answer: (b) Protect workers, the environment, and the public from potential hazards

•Explanation: The second paragraph specifically states that safety regulations are designed as a "protective shield" against hazards for workers, the environment, and the public.

3. Answer: (b) They offer a framework for creating functional, durable, and reliable structures

•Explanation: The text compares design standards to blueprints because they both provide a foundational structure or plan.

4. Answer: (c) A legal obligation for engineers and their firms

•Explanation: The fourth paragraph clearly states that adhering to safety regulations and design standards is a legal requirement, not optional.

5. Answer: (a) Stay updated on the latest safety rules and design standards

•Explanation: The passage highlights the importance of continuous education for engineers to keep pace with the ever-evolving field, particularly regarding safety and design standards

6. Answer: (d) Uphold ethical principles and prioritize the well-being of people and the environment

•Explanation: The text mentions engineers taking an oath and having a moral obligation to ensure safety and environmental preservation. This implies an ethical responsibility beyond just construction

7. Answer: (a) An increased focus on safety, sustainability, and innovation

•Explanation: The concluding paragraph emphasizes a future where safety, sustainability, and innovation are prioritized

8. Answer: (c) Play a crucial and critical role in shaping a safer and more sustainable future

•Explanation: The phrase "pivotal role" suggests engineers are central and essential to achieving a safer and more sustainable future

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit.7 Pgs:56-57)-6

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 7 – Procedures and precautions

Vocabulary pp 56-57 – Emphasising the importance of precautions

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Emphasise (v)

•Definition: To give special importance or prominence to something in speaking or writing.

•Turkish Meaning: Vurgulamak

•Sample Sentence: Engineers often emphasise the importance of safety in the workplace.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler genellikle iş yerinde güvenliğin önemini vurgularlar.

2. Precaution (n)

•Definition: A measure taken in advance to prevent something dangerous, unpleasant, or inconvenient from happening.

•Turkish Meaning: Önlem

•Sample Sentence: Taking precautions before starting the machine can prevent accidents.

•Turkish Translation: Makineyi çalıştırmadan önce önlemler almak kazaları önleyebilir.

3. Standardise (v)

•Definition: To make things of the same type all have the same basic features.

•Turkish Meaning: Standartlaştırmak

•Sample Sentence: The company aims to standardise the production process to improve efficiency.

•Turkish Translation: Şirket, verimliliği artırmak için üretim sürecini standartlaştırmayı hedefliyor.

4. Safety Procedures (n)

•Definition: Official ways of doing things that are designed to keep people safe.

•Turkish Meaning: Güvenlik prosedürleri

•Sample Sentence: All workers must follow the safety procedures when on the construction site.

•Turkish Translation: Tüm işçiler, inşaat alanında iken güvenlik prosedürlerini takip etmelidir.

5. Low Voltage (n)

•Definition: A relatively small electrical force that is not strong enough to cause harm to humans.

•Turkish Meaning: Düşük Gerilim

•Sample Sentence: Low voltage lighting is often used in residential landscaping.

•Turkish Translation: Düşük gerilim aydınlatması genellikle konut peyzajında kullanılır.

6. High Voltage (n)

•Definition: A large electrical force that can be dangerous and cause serious injury or death.

•Turkish Meaning: Yüksek Gerilim

•Sample Sentence: High voltage signs warn people of the dangers in electrical substations.

•Turkish Translation: Yüksek gerilim işaretleri, insanları elektrik alt istasyonlarındaki tehlikeler konusunda uyarır.

7. Electrical Maintenance (n)

•Definition: The routine checks and repairs of electrical equipment and systems.

•Turkish Meaning: Elektrik Bakımı

•Sample Sentence: Regular electrical maintenance is crucial to ensure the safety and efficiency of the system.

•Turkish Translation: Düzenli elektrik bakımı, sistemin güvenliği ve verimliliğini sağlamak için hayati öneme sahiptir.

8. Carry Out (v)

•Definition: To perform or complete a task or duty.

•Turkish Meaning: Yürütmek, gerçekleştirmek

•Sample Sentence: The engineer carried out a series of tests on the prototype.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, prototip üzerinde bir dizi test gerçekleştirdi.

9. Identify (v)

•Definition: To recognize and correctly name someone or something.

•Turkish Meaning: Tanımlamak, teşhis etmek

•Sample Sentence: The first step is to identify the problem areas in the circuit.

•Turkish Translation: İlk adım, devredeki problemli alanları tanımlamaktır.

10. Designate (v)

•Definition: To officially choose someone or something to do a particular job.

•Turkish Meaning: Belirlemek, atamak

•Sample Sentence: The manager will designate a team to work on the new project.

•Turkish Translation: Yönetici, yeni projede çalışacak bir ekip belirleyecek.

11. Switchboard (n)

•Definition: A large panel or installation that contains switches and other devices for controlling electrical circuits.

•Turkish Meaning: Kumanda panosu

•Sample Sentence: The technician checked the switchboard to restore power to the building.

•Turkish Translation: Teknisyen, binaya gücü geri getirmek için kumanda panosunu kontrol etti.

12. Transformer (n)

•Definition: A device that increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current.

•Turkish Meaning: Trafo

•Sample Sentence: The transformer near our street exploded during the storm, causing a blackout.

•Turkish Translation: Sokağımızdaki trafo fırtına sırasında patladı ve elektrik kesintisine neden oldu.

13. Transformer Stations (n)

•Definition: Facilities that house transformers and other equipment for regulating the voltage of electricity distributed to homes and businesses.

•Turkish Meaning: Trafo istasyonları

•Sample Sentence: Transformer stations are crucial for distributing electricity across different areas of the city.

•Turkish Translation: Trafo istasyonları, elektriği şehrin farklı bölgelerine dağıtmak için hayati öneme sahiptir.

14. Exposed (adj)

•Definition: Left unprotected or vulnerable, especially to physical harm or damage.

•Turkish Meaning: Maruz kalmış; korumasız, açık.

•Sample Sentence: The exposed wires pose a serious risk of electrocution.

•Turkish Translation: Maruz kalan teller ciddi bir elektrik çarpması riski oluşturuyor.

15. Conductor (n)

•Definition: A material or object that allows electricity to flow through it easily.

•Turkish Meaning: İletken

•Sample Sentence: Copper is a good conductor of electricity, which is why it is widely used in wires.

•Turkish Translation: Bakır iyi bir elektrik iletkenidir, bu yüzden tellerde yaygın olarak kullanılır.

16. Authorise (v)

•Definition: To give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something.

•Turkish Meaning: Yetki vermek

•Sample Sentence: The electrical supervisor must authorise any changes to the wiring system.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik sorumlusu, kablo sistemindeki herhangi bir değişikliği onaylamalıdır.

17. Electrical Supervisor (n)

•Definition: A person who oversees and manages electricians and other workers in electrical projects, ensuring safety and quality standards are met.

•Turkish Meaning: Elektrik şefi

•Sample Sentence: The electrical supervisor is responsible for the training of new staff on safety procedures.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik şefi, yeni personelin güvenlik prosedürleri konusunda eğitilmesinden sorumludur.

18. Issue (v)

•Definition: To officially give out something to someone, especially as a challenge or a form of authorization.

•Turkish Meaning: Çıkarmak, yayımlamak

•Sample Sentence: The department will issue a Permit to Work after inspecting the site.

•Turkish Translation: Departman, sahayı inceledikten sonra Çalışma İzni çıkaracak.

19. Permit to Work (n)

•Definition: A formal written authorization to perform a particular job or task, identifying necessary precautions to work safely.

•Turkish Meaning: Çalışma İzni

•Sample Sentence: Before any high-risk work begins, a Permit to Work must be obtained.

•Turkish Translation: Herhangi bir yüksek riskli işe başlamadan önce, Çalışma İzni alınmalıdır.

20. Isolate (v)

•Definition: To separate something from other things with which it is connected or mixed.

•Turkish Meaning: Ayırmak, izole etmek

•Sample Sentence: To repair the system safely, we must first isolate the electrical circuit.

•Turkish Translation: Sistemi güvenli bir şekilde tamir etmek için önce elektrik devresini izole etmeliyiz.

21. Energise (v)

•Definition: To supply electricity to a system or to turn on the power supply.

•Turkish Meaning: Enerjilendirmek

•Sample Sentence: The technician needs to energise the circuit to test the new equipment.

•Turkish Translation: Teknisyen, yeni ekipmanı test etmek için devreyi enerjilendirmesi gerekiyor.

22. Circuit (n)

•Definition: A closed path through which an electric current flows or may flow.

•Turkish Meaning: Devre

•Sample Sentence: A short circuit can occur if the wiring is damaged or improperly installed.

•Turkish Translation: Kablo hasar görmüş veya yanlış monte edilmişse kısa devre olabilir.

23. Temporary (adj)

•Definition: Lasting for only a limited period of time; not permanent.

•Turkish Meaning: Geçici

•Sample Sentence: The construction site has a temporary electrical setup until the permanent system is installed.

•Turkish Translation: İnşaat alanında, kalıcı sistem kurulana kadar geçici bir elektrik kurulumu var.

24. Warning Notice (n)

•Definition: A sign or document that informs people about a danger or a rule that must be followed.

•Turkish Meaning: Uyarı notu

•Sample Sentence: A warning notice was placed near the high voltage equipment to alert workers.

•Turkish Translation: Çalışanları uyarmak için yüksek gerilimli ekipmanın yanına bir uyarı notu yerleştirildi.

25. Crucial (adj)

•Definition: Extremely important or necessary.

•Turkish Meaning: Hayati, çok önemli

•Sample Sentence: Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure the machinery operates safely.

•Turkish Translation: Makinelerin güvenli çalışmasını sağlamak için düzenli bakım hayati önem taşır.

26. Essential (adj)

•Definition: Absolutely necessary; extremely important.

•Turkish Meaning: Temel, gerekli

•Sample Sentence: Wearing protective gear is essential for all workers on the site.

•Turkish Translation: Tüm işçilerin alanda koruyucu ekipman giymesi gerekir.

27. Preferable (adj)

•Definition: More desirable or suitable.

•Turkish Meaning: Tercih edilen

•Sample Sentence: Using renewable energy sources is preferable for environmental sustainability.

•Turkish Translation: Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması tercih edilir.

28. Vital (adj)

•Definition: Necessary for the success or continued operation of something; extremely important.

•Turkish Meaning: Hayati, çok önemli

•Sample Sentence: It's vital to check the electrical system regularly to prevent failures.

•Turkish Translation: Arızaları önlemek için elektrik sistemini düzenli olarak kontrol etmek hayati önem taşır.

29. At all times (adv)

•Definition: Always; constantly.

•Turkish Meaning: Her zaman

•Sample Sentence: Safety goggles must be worn at all times when in the workshop.

•Turkish Translation: Atölyede bulunduğunuzda her zaman güvenlik gözlükleri takılmalıdır.

30. Every single (adv)

•Definition: Used to emphasize that each and every member of a group is included.

•Turkish Meaning: Her biri, herkes

•Sample Sentence: Every single piece of equipment must be checked before use.

•Turkish Translation: Kullanımdan önce her bir ekipman parçası kontrol edilmelidir.

31.Under no circumstances

•Definition: Used to emphasize that something should never happen.

•Turkish Meaning: Hiçbir koşulda

•Sample Sentence: Under no circumstances should you touch the exposed wires.

•Turkish Translation: Hiçbir koşulda açıkta kalan tellere dokunmamalısınız.

32. Hover (v)

•Definition: To remain in one place in the air.

•Turkish Meaning: Havada durmak

•Sample Sentence: The drone can hover above the site to capture aerial photographs.

•Turkish Translation: Drone, hava fotoğrafları çekmek için alanın üzerinde havada durabilir.

33. Towering Pylon (n)

•Definition: A tall structure used to support overhead power lines.

•Turkish Meaning: Yüksek elektrik direği

•Sample Sentence: The towering pylons can be seen from miles away, carrying power across the countryside.

•Turkish Translation: Yüksek elektrik direkleri, kırsal alan boyunca gücü taşırken kilometrelerce öteden görülebilir.

34. Cradle (n)

•Definition: A framework or support for something.

•Turkish Meaning: Beşik, destek

•Sample Sentence: The technician used a cradle to safely hold the equipment during the inspection.

•Turkish Translation: Teknisyen, inceleme sırasında ekipmanı güvenle tutmak için bir beşik kullandı.

35. Shrouded (adj)

•Definition: Covered or hidden from view.

•Turkish Meaning: Örtülü, gizlenmiş

•Sample Sentence: The machinery was shrouded in protective covers to prevent damage.

•Turkish Translation: Makineler, zarar görmesini önlemek için koruyucu kaplamalarla örtüldü.

36. Hood (n)

•Definition: A headdress that protects the head and face.

•Turkish Meaning: Kafayı ve yüzü koruyan başlık.

•Sample Sentence: The overall has a hood to protect the head and face.

•Turkish Translation: Vücudu örten koruyucu elbisenin kafayı ve yüzü koruyan bir koruyucu başlığı var.

37. Hooded (adj)

•Definition: Having a hood or similar protective covering.

•Turkish Meaning: Koruyucu örtülü ya da başlıklı

•Sample Sentence: The line men wear a hooded hot suit to protect themselves from electrocution.

•Turkish Translation: Eelektrik hatları çalışanları kendilerini elektrik çarpmalarından korumak için koruyucu başlıklı koruyucu elbiseler giyerler.

38.Thread (n)

•Definition: A very thin fiber or filament.

•Turkish Meaning: İplik, tel

•Sample Sentence: The electrician used a special thread to connect the components.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrikçi, bileşenleri bağlamak için özel bir tel kullandı.

39. Thread (v)

•Definition: To pass a thread through the eye of a needle or to pass something through a narrow space.

•Turkish Meaning: İplik geçirmek, delikten geçirmek

•Sample Sentence: The worker threaded the wire through the conduit.

•Turkish Translation: İşçi, kabloyu boru hattından geçirdi.

40.Threaded (adj)

•Definition: with threads passing through

•Turkish Meaning: İçinden teller geçen

•Sample Sentence: The stainless-steel threaded hot suits are worn by the line men.

•Turkish Translation: İçinden paslanmaz çelik teller geçen koruyucu elbiseler elektrik hattı çalışanları tarafından giyilir.

41. Hot Suit (n)

•Definition: A protective suit designed to shield the wearer from high temperatures and electrical hazards.

•Turkish Meaning: Yüksek sıcaklığa dayanıklı koruyucu elbise

•Sample Sentence: The electrician wore a hot suit while working near the high voltage lines to ensure safety.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrikçi, yüksek gerilim hatlarının yakınında çalışırken güvenliği sağlamak için yüksek sıcaklığa dayanıklı koruyucu bir elbise giydi.

42. Fizzing (adj)

•Definition: Making a series of small, soft sounds like bubbles bursting.

•Turkish Meaning: Cızırtılı, köpürme sesi çıkaran

•Sample Sentence: A fizzing sound was heard from the old electrical panel, indicating a potential fault.

•Turkish Translation: Eski elektrik panosundan cızırtılı bir ses geldi, bu potansiyel bir arızayı işaret ediyordu.

43. Wand (n)

•Definition: A hand-held device used for some kind of magical or technological operation.

•Turkish Meaning: Asa, elde tutulan cihaz

•Sample Sentence: The technician used a voltage detection wand to identify live wires.

•Turkish Translation: Teknisyen, canlı telleri tespit etmek için bir voltaj algılama asası kullandı.

44. Reach Out (v)

•Definition: To extend one's hand or arm in an attempt to touch or grasp something.

•Turkish Meaning: Uzanmak, elini uzatmak

•Sample Sentence: Always ensure the power is off before you reach out to inspect electrical equipment.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrikli ekipmanları incelemeden önce gücün kapalı olduğundan her zaman emin olun.

45. Pocket-Sized (adj)

•Definition: Small enough to fit into a pocket, implying convenience and portability.

•Turkish Meaning: Cep boyutunda

•Sample Sentence: The engineer carries a pocket-sized notebook for quick calculations and notes.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, hızlı hesaplamalar ve notlar için cep boyutunda bir not defteri taşır.

46. Lightning Bolt (n)

•Definition: A sudden, powerful discharge of electricity from a storm cloud to the ground, another cloud, or another point within the cloud.

•Turkish Meaning: Şimşek çakması

•Sample Sentence: The lightning bolt struck the tower, causing a massive power surge.

•Turkish Translation: Şimşek çakması kuleyi vurdu ve büyük bir güç artışına neden oldu.

47. Arc (n)

•Definition: A continuous luminous discharge of electricity across a gap or through a medium that is normally nonconductive.

•Turkish Meaning: Ark, elektrik arkı

•Sample Sentence: An electrical arc can generate extreme heat and is dangerous if not properly contained.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik arkı aşırı ısı üretebilir ve uygun şekilde kontrol edilmezse tehlikeli olabilir.

48. Arc (v)

•Definition: To form an arc; to move or to produce an electrical discharge in an arc shape.

•Turkish Meaning: Ark oluşturmak

•Sample Sentence: Electricity arced between the two wires, creating a bright flash.

•Turkish Translation: İki tel arasında elektrik ark oluşturdu ve parlak bir flaş yarattı.

49. Arc Through the Air (v)

•Definition: The movement of an electrical discharge in an arc shape through the air between two points.

•Turkish Meaning: Havada ark yapmak

•Sample Sentence: The power line failure caused electricity to arc through the air, posing a serious risk to bystanders.

•Turkish Translation: Güç hattındaki arıza, elektriğin havada ark yapmasına ve çevredekilere ciddi bir risk oluşturmasına neden oldu.

50. Discernible (adj)

•Definition: Able to be seen, recognized, or understood; noticeable.

•Turkish Meaning: Fark edilebilir, algılanabilir

•Sample Sentence: There was a discernible difference in the room's lighting after the new bulbs were installed.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni ampuller takıldıktan sonra odanın aydınlatmasında fark edilebilir bir değişiklik oldu.

51. Tingling Sensation (n)

•Definition: A slight prickling or stinging feeling, often indicating that a part of the body is asleep or experiencing abnormal sensation.

•Turkish Meaning: Karıncalanma hissi

•Sample Sentence: After touching the live wire, he felt a tingling sensation in his hand.

•Turkish Translation: Canlı kabloya dokunduktan sonra elinde bir karıncalanma hissi hissetti.

52. Lead (n)

•Definition: A conductor or wire that provides an electrical connection between an electrical device and a power source.

•Turkish Meaning: Bağlantı kablosu

•Sample Sentence: Make sure the lead is securely connected to the device before turning it on.

•Turkish Translation: Cihazı açmadan önce bağlantı kablosunun cihaza güvenli bir şekilde bağlandığından emin olun.

53. Clip (v)

•Definition: To attach something with a clip or to cut, trim, or fasten with a sharp blow or stroke.

•Turkish Meaning: Klipslemek, tutturmak

•Sample Sentence: The technician clipped the wires together to organize them better.

•Turkish Translation: Teknisyen, kabloları daha iyi organize etmek için onları birbirine klipsledi.

54. Live Cable (n)

•Definition: An electrical cable that is currently energized or carrying current.

•Turkish Meaning: Canlı kablo

•Sample Sentence: Never touch a live cable with bare hands to avoid electric shock.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik çarpmasını önlemek için canlı kabloya çıplak elle asla dokunmayın.

55. Line Men (n)

•Definition: Workers who install, maintain, and repair electrical power systems and telecommunications cables.

•Turkish Meaning: Elektrik hatları çalışanı

•Sample Sentence: The line men are working to restore power in the area after the storm.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik hatları çalışanları, fırtınadan sonra bölgedeki gücü yeniden sağlamak için çalışıyorlar.

56. Collision (n)

•Definition: An instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another.

•Turkish Meaning: Çarpışma

•Sample Sentence: The collision between the two cranes at the construction site caused significant delays.

•Turkish Translation: İnşaat alanındaki iki vinç arasındaki çarpışma, önemli gecikmelere neden oldu.

57. Snagging (n)

•Definition: To get caught or hooked on something.

•Turkish Meaning: Bir şeye takılma

•Sample Sentence: e careful not to snag your clothing on exposed wiring.

•Turkish Translation: Giysilerinizin açıkta kalan kablolara takılmamasına dikkat edin.

58. Electrocution (n)

•Definition: Death or serious injury caused by electric shock.

•Turkish Meaning: Elektrik çarpması sonucu ölüm

•Sample Sentence: Proper safety gear must be worn to prevent the risk of electrocution.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik çarpması riskini önlemek için uygun güvenlik ekipmanı giyilmelidir.

59. Mechanical Failure (n)

•Definition: The malfunction or breakdown of mechanical systems or components.

•Turkish Meaning: Mekanik arıza

•Sample Sentence: The mechanical failure of the pump caused the entire system to shut down.

•Turkish Translation: Pompada meydana gelen mekanik arıza, tüm sistemin durmasına neden oldu.

60. Faraday Cage (n)

•Definition: A structure made of conductive materials that blocks electric fields and electromagnetic radiation from entering or exiting.

•Turkish Meaning: Faraday kafesi

•Sample Sentence: A Faraday cage can protect sensitive electronic equipment from external electromagnetic interference.

•Turkish Translation: Faraday kafesi, hassas elektronik ekipmanları dışarıdan gelen elektromanyetik parazitlerden koruyabilir.

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct words.

1. To ensure the safety of all employees, it is mandatory to follow the ___________ before operating any machinery.

A) safety procedures        B) lightning bolt            C) mechanical failure                D) hot suit

2. The electrician used a ___________ to prevent direct contact with high voltage lines during maintenance work.

A) lead                            B) hot suit                         C) cradle                                   D) conductor

3. Due to a ___________ in the system, the entire network went down, causing a blackout in the area.

A) standardise                 B) mechanical failure         C) designate                           D) thread

4. The ___________ between the two electrical wires caused a bright flash and a loud noise, indicating a dangerous situation.

A) arc                               B) Faraday cage               C) tingling sensation              D) temporary

5. For the safety of the workers, the construction site manager decided to ___________ the area until the electrical hazards were resolved.

A) hover                           B) energise                       C) isolate                                  D) clip

6. Before any work could commence, the technician needed to ___________ the correct circuit breaker to cut off power to the section being repaired.

A) identify                        B) carry out                      C) thread                                    D) shroud

7. The ___________ was crucial in transforming the high voltage from the power lines to a lower voltage suitable for home use.

A) switchboard                 B) transformer                   C) towering pylon                      D) warning notice

8. Wearing ___________ gear, such as gloves and helmets, is essential when working near exposed electrical components.

A) temporary                    B) protective                       C) preferable                             D) threaded

9. The new ___________ system installed in the building was designed to standardize the electrical supply and improve safety.

A)electrical maintenance   B) live cable                       C) switchboard                           D) Faraday cage

10. To avoid ___________, workers must always check that the power is turned off before touching any cables during repair work.

A) electrocution                   B) collision                       C) energise                           D) arc through the air

11. The ___________ on the machine warns of potential hazards and the importance of wearing safety equipment.

A) high voltage                     B) low voltage                 C) temporary                           D) warning notice

12. After the installation, the technician must ___________ the new security system to ensure it operates correctly.

A) clip                                  B) designate                      C) energise                               D) isolate

13. To reduce the risk of electric shock, the damaged equipment was immediately ___________ from the power source.

A) exposed                           B) isolated                           C) designated                          D) threaded

14. The ___________ is responsible for overseeing all electrical installations and ensuring that safety standards are met.

A) electrical maintenance      B) conductor                    C) line men                   D) electrical supervisor

15. Using a ___________ to connect two pieces of metal together is a common practice in electrical engineering projects.

A) thread                                 B) clip                             C) conductor                    D) transformer

16. The ___________ felt by the worker was a clear indication that the wire was live and dangerous to touch.

A) tingling sensation                 B) mechanical failure       C) crucial                     D) preferable

17. A ___________ is often installed in high-risk areas to protect sensitive equipment from electromagnetic interference.

A) cradle                                   B) towering pylon              C) hot suit                     D) Faraday cage

10

18. Before performing any repairs, it is ___________ to obtain a Permit to Work to ensure all safety protocols are followed.

A) advisable                              B) temporary                     C) preferable                    D) vital

Answer key: 1. A 2. B 3.B 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. D

READING

Exercise 2: Read about the phrases below. Then fill in the blanks in the paragraph with the correct phrases.

Restricted Areas

•Definition: Restricted areas are specific locations within a workplace or job site where access is limited to authorized personnel only. These areas are usually designated as such due to the presence of hazards that could pose a risk to safety or health, such as high-voltage equipment, chemical storage, or areas where specialized operations occur. Access to these areas is controlled to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of all personnel.

•Sample Sentence: "Before entering the restricted areas of the plant, all workers must undergo safety training and receive authorization."

A Permit to Work

•Definition: A Permit to Work is a formal, written authorization used to control certain types of work that are potentially hazardous. It specifies the work to be done, the hazards involved, the precautions to take, and the permissions required before the work can commence. This system is a core element of safe work practices in industrial operations, particularly for tasks involving electrical systems, working at heights, or entering confined spaces.

•Sample Sentence: "The electrician obtained a Permit to Work before starting the maintenance on the high-voltage panel to ensure all safety measures were in place."

The Electrical Supervisor

•Definition: The Electrical Supervisor is a qualified individual who oversees and coordinates all electrical work within a project or facility. This person is responsible for ensuring that all electrical installations, maintenance, and repairs are carried out in accordance with safety standards and regulations. The electrical supervisor also ensures that the team follows best practices and may be involved in planning, training, and emergency response.

•Sample Sentence: "The Electrical Supervisor reviewed the wiring plans and conducted safety briefings for the team before the installation work began."

The Lock-Out Procedure

•Definition: The Lock-Out Procedure, also known as Lockout-Tagout (LOTO), is a safety procedure used to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or repair work. It involves placing a lock and tag on the energy isolation device of the equipment to prevent the accidental or unauthorized energization of the machine or equipment. This procedure is critical for protecting workers from the risks of unexpected energization, startup of machinery, or release of hazardous energy during service or maintenance activities.

•Sample Sentence: "Before performing repairs on the conveyor belt, the maintenance team implemented the lock-out procedure to ensure the machine remained de-energized."

Fill in the blanks with the phrases above:

In the construction of the new power plant, safety protocols were strictly enforced to protect all workers from potential hazards. Before any work commenced, each team member was briefed on the importance of recognizing 1)………………………, which were clearly marked throughout the site to prevent unauthorized access, especially near the high-voltage equipment. To ensure the highest level of safety, 2)……………………….. system was implemented. This system required workers to obtain written authorization before engaging in any task deemed hazardous. This process was overseen by 3)………………………….., a seasoned professional responsible for reviewing all permits and ensuring that safety measures were in place and adhered to by everyone on site. One critical safety measure that the supervisor emphasized was 4)……………..………….. . This procedure was mandatory for all maintenance work on electrical systems to prevent any accidental energization of equipment. By following these protocols, the construction project aimed to minimize risks and ensure a safe working environment for all involved.

Answers: 1. restricted areas 2. a permit to work 3. the electrical supervisor 4. the lock-out procedure

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level)

In the world of electrical engineering, safety is the top priority. This story will help us understand why it's so important to follow safety rules when working with electricity.

Once upon a time, in a big city, there was a team of engineers and electricians tasked with building a new power station. The power station was going to use both Low Voltage and High Voltage to supply electricity to the city. The team knew that working with electricity, especially high voltage, could be very dangerous. So, they decided to emphasise the importance of safety procedures.

Before starting the project, the electrical supervisor, Mr. Bolt, gathered everyone to talk about the safety documentation. He explained that electrical maintenance was not just about keeping the lights on; it was about making sure everyone could go home safely every day. To carry out their jobs safely, they needed to identify and designate areas where the risk was higher, like near the switchboard and transformer stations.

Mr. Bolt explained that parts of the station were exposed to the elements, making them more dangerous. He pointed out the conductors that would carry electricity from one place to another and said that only those who were authorised and wearing a hot suit could work near them. He also introduced a Permit to Work system, which meant that no one could start a job without permission. This was to make sure that everyone knew which parts of the station were safe to work on and which were not.

One day, while installing a transformer, a worker noticed a fizzing sound coming from a panel. This sound was a warning that something was wrong. The worker remembered Mr. Bolt's training and did not reach out to touch the panel. Instead, he used a wand, a tool to check for electricity without touching anything. He found that there was a live cable inside the panel that was not supposed to be there.

The worker isolated the area, turning off the electricity to that part of the station, and put up a warning notice. Then, he reported the problem to Mr. Bolt. Mr. Bolt said that fixing this issue was crucial and essential. It was preferable to delay the project rather than risk someone's safety. He reminded the team that it was vital to follow safety rules at all times and that every single worker's life was important. Under no circumstances should safety be ignored.

Thanks to the team's quick action, the problem was fixed without any collision or electrocution. The project was a success, and the city had a new power station. The team learned that safety is not just about avoiding mechanical failure; it's about protecting lives. They saw firsthand how a Faraday cage could prevent electrocution by blocking electricity and why it was important to standardise safety practices.

12

In the end, Mr. Bolt's emphasis on safety, the use of safety documentation, and the Permit to Work system showed everyone that being safe was not just about following rules. It was about understanding the dangers and knowing how to protect oneself and others. The power station stood tall, with its towering pylons and transformers, as a testament to the team's hard work and commitment to safety.

1. What was the main priority for the team building the new power station?

A) Finishing the project quickly      B) Keeping the project under budget

C) Ensuring safety                             D) Using high voltage everywhere

2. Who gathered everyone to talk about the safety documentation?

A) A construction worker                 B) The electrical supervisor, Mr. Bolt

C) A city official                                D) The project manager

3. What did Mr. Bolt say was not just about keeping the lights on?

A) Electrical maintenance                   B) Reading safety documentation

C) Wearing hot suits                            D) Designating work areas

4. What system was introduced to make sure no one could start a job without permission?

A) The Lock-Out Procedure                B) The Warning Notice System

C) The Permit to Work System            D) The Safety Gear Requirement

5. What did a worker hear that indicated something was wrong while installing a transformer?

A) A loud explosion   B) People shouting       C) A fizzing sound      D) The sound of running water

6. What tool did the worker use to check for electricity without touching anything?

A) A screwdriver      B) A wand           C) A multimeter           D) His hand

7. What did Mr. Bolt remind the team was vital to follow at all times?

A) The construction schedule               B) Safety rules

C) The budget guidelines                      D) The electrical installation plan

8. What did the team learn from the project besides avoiding mechanical failure?

A) The importance of working overtime    B) The need for better tools

C) That safety is about protecting lives       D) How to install transformers faster

Answers and explanations:

Question 1: Correct Answer: C) Ensuring safety

Explanation: The text emphasizes that safety was the top priority for the team working on the new power station. This is highlighted by the measures taken to educate and protect workers, such as discussing safety documentation and implementing safety protocols.

Question 2: Correct Answer: B) The electrical supervisor, Mr. Bolt

Explanation: Mr. Bolt, the electrical supervisor, is mentioned as the individual who gathered everyone to discuss the safety documentation. His role was crucial in maintaining safety standards on the site.

Question 3: Correct Answer: A) Electrical maintenance

Explanation: Mr. Bolt emphasized that electrical maintenance was about more than just keeping the lights on; it was about ensuring the safety of all employees. This underscores the broader importance of maintenance work beyond its immediate technical objectives.

Question 4: Correct Answer: C) The Permit to Work System

Explanation: The text introduces the Permit to Work System as a measure to ensure that no one could start potentially hazardous work without obtaining written authorization first. This system was a key part of the project's safety protocols.

Question 5: Correct Answer: C) A fizzing sound

Explanation: A worker noticed a fizzing sound coming from a panel while installing a transformer, which was an indication that something was wrong. This sound suggested an electrical fault that needed attention.

Question 6: Correct Answer: B) A wand

Explanation: To safely check for the presence of electricity without direct contact, the worker used a wand. This tool allowed for the detection of live electricity from a safe distance, demonstrating a precautionary approach to handling potential electrical hazards.

Question 7: Correct Answer: B) Safety rules

Explanation: Mr. Bolt reminded the team that following safety rules was vital at all times. This reinforces the theme that adherence to safety protocols is essential for the well-being of everyone involved in the project.

Question 8: Correct Answer: C) That safety is about protecting lives

Explanation: Beyond avoiding mechanical failure, the team learned that safety protocols and measures are fundamentally about protecting lives. This lesson highlights the human aspect of safety practices in engineering projects, emphasizing the value of each worker's well-being.

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 7.Pgs:54-55)-5

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 7 – Procedures and precautions

Vocabulary pp 54-55 – Describing health and safety precautions

1. Precaution (n.) - Önlem (n.)

•Definition: A measure taken in advance to prevent harm or danger.

•Sample Sentence: "As a precaution, the engineer wore safety goggles while working with the machinery." - "Önlem olarak, mühendis makine ile çalışırken emniyet gözlüğü taktı."

2.Regulation (n.) - Yönetmelik (n.)

•Definition: A rule or law governing how something is done.

•Sample Sentence: "The building regulations require fire exits to be clearly marked." - "İmar yönetmeliği, yangın çıkışlarının açıkça işaretlenmesini gerektirir."

3.Standards (n.) - Standartlar (n.)

•Definition: A level of quality or achievement that is considered acceptable.

•Sample Sentence: "The product must meet the safety standards set by the international organization." - "Ürün, uluslararası kuruluş tarafından belirlenen güvenlik standartlarını karşılamalıdır."

4.Instruction (n.) - Talimat (n.)

•Definition: An explanation or order on how to do something.

•Sample Sentence: "The operator carefully followed the instructions for operating the machine." - "Operatör, makineyi çalıştırmak için talimatları dikkatlice takip etti."

5.Notice (n.) - Uyarı (n.)

•Definition: A formal warning or announcement.

•Sample Sentence: "A notice was posted on the door warning of the presence of hazardous materials." - "Kapıya tehlikeli maddelerin varlığı konusunda uyaran bir uyarı yazısı asıldı."

6.Cast (v.) - Dökmek (v.)

•Definition: To pour molten metal into a mold to create a desired shape.

•Sample Sentence: "The foundry workers cast the iron into molds to create car parts." - "Dökümhane çalışanları, araba parçaları oluşturmak için demiri kalıplara döktüler."

7.Casting (n.) - Döküm (n.)

•Definition: The process of casting metal or other materials.

•Sample Sentence: "Sand casting is a common method used to create complex shapes." - "Kum dökümü, karmaşık şekiller oluşturmak için kullanılan yaygın bir yöntemdir."

8. Asphyxiation (n.) - Boğulma (n.)

•Definition: The state of being deprived of oxygen, which can lead to death.

•Sample Sentence: "Confined spaces can pose a risk of asphyxiation if not properly ventilated." - "Dar alanlar, iyi havalandırılmadıkları takdirde boğulma riski oluşturabilir."

9.Machinery (n.) - Makine (n.)

•Definition: Machines and equipment used in industry and engineering.

•Sample Sentence: "Regular maintenance is essential for the safe operation of machinery." - "Makinelerin güvenli şekilde çalışması için düzenli bakım gereklidir."

10.Guards (n.) - Koruyucular (n.)

•Definition: Devices that protect people from injuries caused by machinery or other hazards.

•Sample Sentence: "Safety guards on machines prevent workers from getting their hands caught." - "Makinelerdeki güvenlik koruyucuları, çalışanların ellerinin sıkışmasını önler."

11. Access ways (n.) - Erişim yolları (n.)

•Definition: Paths or routes that allow people to enter and exit an area.

•Sample Sentence: "Emergency access ways should be clearly marked and free of obstructions." - "Acil durum erişim yolları açıkça işaretlenmeli ve engellerden arındırılmalıdır."

12.Guardrails (n.) - Korkuluklar (n.)

•Definition: Rails that are used to prevent people from falling from a height.

•Sample Sentence: "Guardrails are installed on balconies and walkways to prevent falls." - "Balkonlara ve yürüyüş yollarına düşmeyi önlemek için korkuluklar yerleştirilir."

13.Confined space (n.) - Kapalı alan (n.) (Özellikle dar ve hava sirkülasyonunun az olduğu kapalı alan)

•Definition: A small or enclosed space that has limited entry and exit points and poor ventilation.

•Sample Sentence: "Working in confined spaces requires special precautions to avoid asphyxiation." - "Kapalı alanlarda çalışmak, boğulmayı önlemek için özel önlemler gerektirir."

14.Exposure (n.) - Maruziyet (n.)

•Definition: The state of being subjected to something, such as a hazard or substance.

•Sample Sentence: "Prolonged exposure to loud noise can damage hearing." - "Uzun süre yüksek sese maruz kalmak işitmeye zarar verebilir."

15.Ignition (n.) - Ateşleme (n.)

•Definition: The act of setting something on fire.

•Sample Sentence: "The spark from the welding torch caused the flammable material to ignite." - "Kaynak tabancasından çıkan kıvılcım, yanıcı malzemenin alev almasına neden oldu."

16.Irritant (adj.) - Tahriş edici (adj.)

•Definition: Causing irritation or discomfort.

•Sample Sentence: "Dust from certain materials can be an irritant to the respiratory system." - "Bazı malzemelerden çıkan toz, solunum sistemini tahriş edici olabilir."

17.Irritants (n.) - Tahriş edici maddeler (n.)

•Definition: Substances that cause irritation or discomfort.

•Sample Sentence: "Proper ventilation is necessary to prevent exposure to airborne irritants." - "Havadaki tahriş edici maddelere maruziyeti önlemek için uygun havalandırma gereklidir."

18.Flammable (adj.) - Yanıcı (adj.)

•Definition: Easily catching fire.

•Sample Sentence: "Flammable liquids must be stored in approved containers away from heat sources." - "Yanıcı sıvılar, ısı kaynaklarından uzakta onaylı kaplarda saklanmalıdır."

19.Flammables (n.) - Yanıcılar (n.)

•Definition: Flammable materials.

•Sample Sentence: "Always follow safety precautions when handling flammables." - "Yanıcıları kullanırken her zaman güvenlik önlemlerine uyun."

20.Corrosive (adj.) - Aşındırıcı (adj.)

•Definition: Capable of causing damage or erosion to materials.

•Sample Sentence: "Corrosive chemicals can damage metal surfaces." - "Aşındırıcı kimyasallar metal yüzeylere zarar verebilir."

21.Corrosives (n.) - Aşındırıcılar (n.)

•Definition: Corrosive substances.

•Sample Sentence: "Wear proper personal protective equipment when working with corrosives." - "Aşındırıcılarla çalışırken uygun kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanın."

22. Naked flames (n.) - Açık alevler (n.)

•Definition: Unshielded flames, such as those from a candle or Bunsen burner.

•Sample Sentence: "The use of naked flames is prohibited in areas where flammable materials are present." - "Yanıcı maddelerin bulunduğu alanlarda açık alev kullanımı yasaktır."

23.Spark (n.) - Kıvılcım (n.)

•Definition: A small, glowing particle ejected from burning material.

•Sample Sentence: "Sparks from electrical equipment can ignite flammable materials." - "Elektrikli ekipmandan çıkan kıvılcımlar yanıcı maddeleri tutuşturabilir."

24.Ventilation (n.) - Havalandırma (n.)

•Definition: The process of supplying or removing air from a space.

•Sample Sentence: "Proper ventilation is essential to maintain good air quality in workplaces." - "İş yerlerinde iyi hava kalitesini sağlamak için uygun havalandırma gereklidir."

25.Grain (n.) - Tahıl (n.)

•Definition: The small, hard seeds of cereal crops, such as wheat, corn, and rice.

•Sample Sentence: "Grains are stored in silos to protect them from moisture and spoilage." - "Tahıllar, nemden ve bozulmadan korumak için silolarda saklanır."

26. Silo (n.) - Silo (n.)

•Definition: A tall, cylindrical structure used to store bulk materials, such as grain, feed, or cement.

•Sample Sentence: "The silo collapsed due to the weight of the stored grain." - "Silolar, depolanan tahılın ağırlığı nedeniyle çöktü."

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct words.

1. A single ________ can ignite flammable gases.

A) grain       B) spark    C) guardrail      D) instruction

2. Prolonged ________ to loud noise can lead to hearing loss.

A) exposure B) ignition  C) instruction  D) casting

3. ________ is a risk in poorly ventilated spaces.

A) Casting   B) Regulation   C) Asphyxiation    D) Instruction

4. Machine ________ prevent workers from direct contact with moving parts.

A) notices      B) instructions     C) guards        D) regulations

5. Engineers must take safety ________ when working on high-voltage equipment.

A) instructions       B) regulations      C) notices       D) precautions

6. Follow the ________ manual carefully when assembling the machinery.

A) instruction        B) regulation         C) notice        D) standard

7. Faulty wiring can cause ________ in flammable materials.

A) exposure           B) casting              C) ignition        D) regulation

8. ________ are prohibited in areas storing flammable materials.

A) Guards             B) Access ways       C) Instructions   D) Naked flames

9. Proper ________ is essential in workplaces to prevent asphyxiation hazards.

A) casting              B) ventilation          C) instruction     D) regulation

10. Protective gloves are required when handling chemical ________.

A) flammables       B) silos                    C) irritants          D) grains

11. ________ chemicals must be handled with care to prevent injury.

A) Corrosive           B) Grain                 C) Flammable      D) Standard

12. Special precautions are necessary when working in a ________ space.

A) guarded              B) standard             C) confined           D) noticed

Answer key: 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c

Exercise 2: Read the text below and choose the correct answers.

READING

Safety First: Working with Flammable Materials in a Confined Space

Working with flammable materials, such as gasoline or paint, requires precaution and adherence to safety regulations. These materials are easily ignited by sparks or naked flames, posing a significant fire hazard. To ensure safety, it's crucial to follow established standards and take necessary precautions.

One common scenario where such precautions are essential is when working in a confined space like a storage tank. Confined spaces often have limited ventilation, increasing the risk of asphyxiation from fumes or reduced oxygen levels. Before entering a confined space, it's vital to check for the presence of flammables, corrosives, or other hazardous materials.

Proper ventilation is essential to prevent the buildup of harmful vapors and maintain good air quality. Additionally, access ways and guardrails should be readily available to ensure safe entry and exit from the confined space. Irritants like dust or fumes can also be present, so wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as respirators and goggles, is crucial.

Cast iron pipes are often used to store and transport flammable materials due to their corrosion resistance. However, during maintenance procedures like casting new pipe sections, it's critical to follow instructions carefully and have a fire extinguisher readily available in case of an ignition.

Remember, safety should always be the top priority. By following these guidelines and adhering to established regulations, individuals working with flammable materials in confined spaces can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and injuries.

1.What are two potential dangers of working with flammable materials mentioned in the text?

a)Corrosion and asphyxiation     b)Sparks and regulations       c)Maintenance and exposure                      d)Ignition and asphyxiation

2. What is the purpose of ventilation in confined spaces?

a) To prevent corrosion of pipes        b) To remove harmful vapors and maintain good air quality

c) To provide lighting for workers     d) To create sparks for ignition

3. What should be readily available to ensure safe entry and exit from the confined space?

a) Access ways and guardrails      b) Ladders          c) Elevators           d) Slides

4. What safety equipment is mentioned as crucial when working in a confined space?

a) Fire extinguisher only               b) Personal protective equipment (PPE) like respirators and goggles

c) Cast iron pipes                          d) Guardrails and access ways

5. What material is mentioned as being resistant to corrosion?

a) Flammable materials         b) Irritants         c) Cast iron             d) Sparks

6. What is the main purpose of following instructions during maintenance procedures?

a) To ensure safety and avoid accidents            b) To meet international safety standards

c) To understand the properties of cast iron     d) To learn how to cast new pipe sections

7. According to the passage, what should be readily available when working with flammables in a confined space?

a) Guardrails and access ways                  b) Fire extinguisher

c) Spare cast iron pipes                             d) Instructions for maintenance procedures

8. What is the overall message of the passage?

a) Confined spaces are dangerous and should be avoided.

b) Cast iron is the safest material to use with flammables.

c) Following safety guidelines can significantly reduce risks when working with flammables.

d) Regulations are the only way to ensure safety in confined spaces.

Answers and explanations

1. What are two potential dangers of working with flammable materials mentioned in the text?

•Answer: d) Ignition and asphyxiation

•Explanation: The text explicitly mentions that flammables can be ignited by sparks or open flames (causing fire) and that confined spaces with poor ventilation can lead to asphyxiation (lack of oxygen/buildup of fumes)

2. What is the purpose of ventilation in confined spaces?

•Answer: b) To remove harmful vapors and maintain good air quality

•Explanation: The passage states that "Proper ventilation is essential to prevent the buildup of harmful vapors and maintain good air quality."

3. What should be readily available to ensure safe entry and exit from the confined space?

•Answer: a) Access ways and guardrails

•Explanation: To ensure safe entry and exit from confined spaces, it's essential to have access ways and guardrails available, providing secure passage and preventing accidents.

4. What safety equipment is mentioned as crucial when working in a confined space?

•Answer: b) Personal protective equipment (PPE) like respirators and goggles

•Explanation: The text mentions the importance of PPE to protect against "irritants like dust or fumes." Respirators and goggles are examples of such equipment.

5. What material is mentioned as being resistant to corrosion?

•Answer: c) Cast iron

•Explanation: The passage says "Cast iron pipes are often used to store and transport flammable materials due to their corrosion resistance."

6. What is the main purpose of following instructions during maintenance procedures?

•Answer: a) To ensure safety and avoid accidents

•Explanation: The focus is on safety. The passage includes, "...it's critical to follow instructions carefully...in case of an ignition"

7. According to the passage, what should be readily available when working with flammables in a confined space?

•Answer: b) Fire extinguisher

•Explanation: The text mentions the need to have a fire extinguisher ready in case of ignition, highlighting its importance.

8. What is the overall message of the passage?

•Answer: c) Following safety guidelines can significantly reduce risks when working with flammables.

•Explanation: The entire passage emphasizes safety precautions, regulations, and proper procedures to minimize the risks of working with these hazardous materials