Revision Exercises For Leng 101 Freshman English (19)(Pg:44-45)

 

Unit 5 – Breaking point

Vocabulary pp 44-45 – Discussing repairs and maintenance

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Broken (adj) - (Kırık, bozuk): Damaged or not functioning properly.

• The broken wire in the circuit caused a short circuit. (Devre içindeki kırık tel bir kısa devreye neden oldu.)

2. Clogged (adj) - (Tıkanmış): Blocked or obstructed, often by debris or foreign material.

• The clogged filter reduced the flow of water through the pipe. (Tıkanmış filtre, boru içinden su akışını azalttı.)

3. Defective (adj) - (Hatalı, kusurlu): Flawed or not meeting the desired standards.

• The defective component led to the malfunction of the machine. (Hatalı bileşen, makinenin arızalanmasına neden oldu.)

4. Faulty (adj) - (Arızalı, hatalı): Not working correctly or having a defect.

• The faulty sensor gave inaccurate readings. (Arızalı sensör yanlış ölçümler verdi.)

5. Worn (adj) - (Aşınmış): Showing signs of use or age, often resulting in reduced effectiveness.

• The worn-out brake pads needed to be replaced. (Aşınmış fren balataları değiştirilmeliydi.)

6. Repair (v) - (Tamir etmek): To fix or restore something that is damaged.

• He repaired the broken circuit board with soldering. (Kırık devre kartını lehimle tamir etti.)

7. Repair (n) - (Tamir): The act of fixing or restoring something.

• The repair of the engine took several hours. (Motorun tamiri birkaç saat sürdü.)

8. Maintenance (n) - (Bakım): The process of preserving and ensuring the proper functioning of equipment or systems.

• Regular maintenance is essential to keep the machinery in good condition. (Düzenli bakım, makinenin iyi durumda kalması için önemlidir.)

9. Dismantle (v) - (Sökme): To take apart or disassemble a structure or device.

• They had to dismantle the entire system to locate the issue. (Sorunu bulmak için tüm sistemi sökmek zorunda kaldılar.)

10. Access (n) - (Erişim): The ability to reach or enter a specific area or component.

• The technician needed access to the control panel to make adjustments. (Teknisyen, ayarlamalar yapmak için kontrol paneline erişim gerekiyordu.)

11. Top up (v) - (Doldurmak, ilave etmek): To add more of a substance or component to a system.

• You should top up the oil level in the engine regularly. (Motorun yağ seviyesini düzenli olarak doldurmalısınız.)

12. Drain (v) - (Boşaltmak): To remove liquid or substances from an area or container.

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• Make sure to drain the excess water from the tank before cleaning it. (Temizlemeden önce tanktaki fazla suyu boşaltmayı unutmayın.)

13. Lubricant (n) - (Yağlayıcı): A substance used to reduce friction between moving parts.

• Apply a lubricant to the gears to prevent them from wearing out. (Dişlilere aşınmalarını önlemek için bir yağlayıcı sürün.)

14. Isolate (v) - (İzole etmek): To separate or disconnect a component from a system.

• It's important to isolate the power source before working on electrical circuits. (Elektrik devreleri üzerinde çalışmadan önce güç kaynağını izole etmek önemlidir.)

15. Disconnect (v) - (Bağlantıyı Kesmek): To physically or electrically detach a connection.

• Before repairing the equipment, make sure to disconnect it from the power source. (Ekipmanı tamir etmeden önce güç kaynağından ayırdığınızdan emin olun.)

16. Reconnect (v) - (Bağlantıyı Yeniden Kurmak): To re-establish a connection that was previously disconnected.

• After replacing the damaged cable, you can reconnect it to the network. (Hasar gören kabloyu değiştirdikten sonra, ağı yeniden kurabilirsiniz.)

17. Susceptible (adj) - (Duyarlı, kolay etkilenen, -e karşı korumasız): Easily affected or influenced by external factors.

• The electronic components are susceptible to static electricity, so handle them with care. (Elektronik bileşenler statik elektriğe duyarlıdır, bu nedenle dikkatli kullanın.)

18. Examine (v) - (İncelemek): To inspect or closely look at something for evaluation.

• The engineer needs to examine the structural integrity of the building. (Mühendis, binanın yapısal bütünlüğünü incelemelidir.)

19. Sensitive (adj) - (Hassas): Easily responsive to changes or stimuli.

• The sensor is very sensitive and can detect even minor temperature variations. (Sensör çok hassas ve hatta küçük sıcaklık değişikliklerini bile algılayabilir.)

20. Adjust (v) - (Ayarlamak): To modify or fine-tune settings to achieve a desired outcome.

• You may need to adjust the pressure settings on the machine for optimal performance. (En iyi performans için makine üzerindeki basınç ayarlarını ayarlamanız gerekebilir.)

21. Non-servicable (adj) - (Onarılamaz): Not capable of being repaired or serviced.

• Unfortunately, the damage to the circuit board is non-servicable, and it needs to be replaced. (Ne yazık ki, devre kartına gelen zarar onarılamaz ve değiştirilmesi gerekiyor.)

22. Sealed (adj) - (Mühürlü): Closed or airtight to prevent the entry of outside elements.

• The electronic components are sealed to protect them from moisture and dust. (Elektronik bileşenler nem ve tozdan korunması için mühürlüdür.)

23. Life span (n) - (Ömür): The expected duration of usability or functionality of a product or component.

• The life span of this battery is approximately two years. (Bu pilin ömrü yaklaşık olarak iki yıldır.)

24. Switch off (v) - (Kapatmak): To turn off or deactivate a device or system.

• Please remember to switch off the lights when leaving the room to save energy. (Enerji tasarrufu yapmak için odadan çıkarken ışıkları kapatmayı unutmayın.)

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25. Power supply (n) - (Güç kaynağı): The source of electrical energy for a device or system.

• The power supply unit provides electricity to the computer components. (Güç kaynağı ünitesi, bilgisayar bileşenlerine elektrik sağlar.)

26. Set up (v) - (Kurmak): To assemble or arrange something for use.

• The technician will help you set up the new printer in your office. (Teknisyen, yeni yazıcıyı ofisinizde kurmanıza yardımcı olacak.)

27. Precisely (adv) - (Tam olarak, olması gerektiği gibi): In an exact and accurate manner.

• You need to cut the materials precisely to ensure they fit together perfectly. (Malzemeleri tam olarak kesmeniz gerekiyor, böylece mükemmel bir uyum sağlarlar.)

28. Refit (v) - (Yeniden takmak): To reinstall or reassemble components.

• After cleaning, it's essential to refit the parts correctly. (Temizledikten sonra parçaları doğru bir şekilde yeniden takmak önemlidir.)

29. Replace (v) - (Değiştirmek): To remove and substitute a component with a new one.

• We'll need to replace the damaged fuse with a new one to restore power. (Enerjiyi geri getirmek için hasar gören sigortayı yeni biriyle değiştirmemiz gerekecek.)

30. Service (v) - (Bakım yapmak ya da tamir etmek): To maintain or repair a device or equipment.

• The HVAC system should be serviced annually to ensure efficient operation. (HVAC sistemi, verimli çalışması için yılda bir kez bakıma alınmalıdır.)

31. Tighten (v) - (Sıkmak): To make something firm or secure by reducing slack or looseness.

• Be sure to tighten all the bolts to prevent any vibration-related issues. (Titreme ile ilgili sorunları önlemek için tüm cıvataları sıkın.)

32. Torque (n) - (Tork): A rotational force or moment applied to a component.

• The technician measured the torque to ensure proper fastening of the screws. (Teknisyen, vidaların düzgün sıkılmasını sağlamak için torku ölçtü.)

33. Reasonable (adj) - (Makul, mantıklı, kabul edilebilir): Sensible or practical; within sensible limits.

• The air filter looks reasonable, so the technician decided not to replace it with a new one. (Hava filtresi kabul edilebilir görünüyordu, bu nedenle teknik uzman onu yenisiyle değiştirmemeye karar verdi.)

34. Residue (n) - (Kalıntı): A small amount of something that is left behind after something else has been used or removed.

• The cleaning process left some residue on the surface, which needs to be removed. (Temizleme işlemi yüzeyde bazı kalıntılar bıraktı, bunların temizlenmesi gerekiyor.)

35. Align (v) - (Hizalamak): To arrange or position in a straight line or in proper coordination.

• Align the gears to ensure smooth operation of the machinery. (Dişlileri düzgün çalışma için hizalayın.)

36. Alignment (n) - (Hizalama): The act of arranging or positioning components in proper coordination.

• Proper alignment of the laser system is crucial for accurate measurements. (Lazer sisteminin doğru hizalanması, doğru ölçümler için önemlidir.)

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Read the the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

"Routine Maintenance of Industrial Machinery"

Routine maintenance is a critical aspect of ensuring the longevity and reliable performance of industrial machinery. This practice involves a series of steps that aim to prevent issues such as broken components, clogged filters, defective parts, and faulty equipment. In this text, we will discuss the importance of routine maintenance, the steps involved, and some key terms associated with the process.

Why Routine Maintenance Matters

Industrial machinery, whether used in manufacturing, construction, or other fields, is subjected to harsh conditions and heavy workloads. Over time, wear and tear are inevitable. However, proactive maintenance can help detect and address problems before they escalate. By doing so, it ensures that the machinery operates optimally and minimizes downtime due to unexpected breakdowns.

The Steps of Routine Maintenance

1. Isolate and Disconnect: Before starting any maintenance tasks, it is crucial to isolate the machine from the power supply and disconnect it from any auxiliary equipment. This step ensures the safety of technicians working on the equipment.

2. Access and Examination: Once isolated, technicians can gain access to the internal components. They carefully examine each part for signs of wear, damage, or misalignment. Sensitivity to even minor issues is essential to prevent further damage.

3. Cleaning and Lubrication: Clogged filters, debris, and residue can significantly affect the performance of machinery. Technicians clean and lubricate moving parts to maintain smooth operation. Lubricants reduce friction and extend the life span of critical components.

4. Adjustment and Alignment: Precisely adjusting settings and aligning components is a key aspect of routine maintenance. Torque settings, alignment of gears, and other adjustments are made to ensure the machinery functions within reasonable limits.

5. Replacement and Repairs: If defective or worn-out parts are detected during examination, they are replaced or repaired promptly. Non-servicable components must be replaced with new ones to maintain the machine's reliability.

6. Reconnect and Test: After all maintenance tasks are completed, technicians reconnect the machinery to its power supply and auxiliary equipment. A thorough test ensures that the equipment is back in working order.

7. Final Check and Documentation: The final step involves a comprehensive examination to ensure that every task has been completed successfully. Technicians also document all maintenance activities, providing a record for future reference.

In summary, routine maintenance plays a crucial role in ensuring the longevity and reliability of industrial machinery. It involves a series of steps such as isolation, examination, cleaning, adjustment, replacement, testing, and documentation. Being sensitive to even minor issues and following these steps diligently helps prevent costly breakdowns and keeps equipment in top condition.

1. What is the primary objective of regular maintenance for industrial machinery?

a) To enhance the likelihood of unforeseen breakdowns.

b) To minimize operational downtime caused by unexpected failures.

c) To shorten the longevity of crucial components.

d) To completely avoid maintenance procedures.

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2. What is the first step in routine maintenance, according to the text?

a) Testing the machinery to see if it works properly.

b) Examining all the parts for wear and tear.

c) Cleaning and lubricating all the moving parts.

d) Isolating the machine from the power supply.

3. Why is it necessary to isolate and disconnect machinery during maintenance?

a) To expedite the process.

b) To enhance the functioning of the machinery.

c) To guarantee the safety of technicians.

d) To assess the power supply's functionality.

4. Why is it important for technicians to be sensitive to even minor issues during examination?

a) So they can prevent small problems from turning into big ones.

b) So they can impress their supervisor with their attention to detail.

c) So they can make the machinery look more presentable.

d) So they can justify charging more for maintenance work.

5. What is the impact of adequately lubricating moving parts on machinery?

a) It has a negligible effect.

b) It intensifies friction.

c) It diminishes the lifespan of components.

d) It prolongs the lifespan of critical components.

6. What is the purpose of adjusting torque settings and aligning gears during regular maintenance?

a) To amplify friction.

b) To reduce the lifespan of components.

c) To ensure that machinery operates within acceptable limits.

d) To avoid maintenance tasks.

7. When should defective or worn-out parts be addressed during routine maintenance?

a) Never.

b) Promptly, as soon as they are detected during examination.

c) After all other steps are completed.

d) During the testing phase.

8. Why is documentation of maintenance activities important?

a) It's not important at all.

b) It helps prevent breakdowns.

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c) It guarantees that machinery will work.

d) It provides a record for future reference.

Answers and explanations

1. What is the primary purpose of routine maintenance for industrial machinery?

Answer: b) To minimize operational downtime due to unexpected breakdowns.

Explanation: Routine maintenance aims to prevent unexpected breakdowns and minimize downtime by addressing potential issues before they escalate.

2. What is the first step in routine maintenance, according to the text?

Answer: d) Isolating the machine from the power supply.

Explanation: Safety is paramount, and the text stresses isolating the machine before any examination or work begins.

3. Why is it necessary to isolate and disconnect machinery during maintenance?

Answer: c) To guarantee the safety of technicians.

Explanation: Isolating and disconnecting machinery from the power supply is essential to ensure the safety of technicians working on it.

4. Why is it important for technicians to be sensitive to even minor issues during examination?

Answer: a) So they can prevent small problems from turning into big ones.

Explanation: Sensitivity to even minor issues is essential to prevent further damage.

5. What is the impact of adequately lubricating moving parts on machinery?

Answer: d) It prolongs the lifespan of critical components.

Explanation: Proper lubrication of moving parts reduces friction and extends the life span of critical components, enhancing machinery performance.

6. What is the purpose of adjusting torque settings and aligning gears during regular maintenance?

Answer: c) To ensure that machinery operates within acceptable limits.

Explanation: Adjusting torque settings and aligning gears is done to ensure that the machinery operates within reasonable limits and functions correctly.

7. When should defective or worn-out parts be addressed during routine maintenance?

Answer: b) Promptly, as soon as they are detected during examination.

Explanation: Defective or worn-out parts should be addressed promptly when detected during the examination phase to prevent further damage.

8. Why is documentation of maintenance activities important?

Answer: d) It provides a record for future reference.

Explanation: Documentation of maintenance activities is important because it provides a record that can be used for future reference and tracking maintenance history.

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Fill in the blanks in the sentences using the words below.

a. non-serviceable b. top up c. examine d. maintenance e. sealed f. adjust

g. tighten h. dismantle i. lubricant j. isolate k. life span l. sensitive

1. Routine _______________ of machinery helps prevent unexpected breakdowns.

2. The technician needed to _______________ the panels of the machine to access the internal components.

3. Be sure to _______________ the fluid levels in the vehicle regularly, or they may run out unexpectedly.

4. A good quality _______________ reduces friction between moving parts.

5. For safety reasons, it's crucial to _______________ the power supply before working on electrical circuits.

6. Some electronic devices are more _______________ to static electricity than others.

7. The technician will carefully _______________ the engine for any signs of wear or damage.

8. The damaged part is _______________ and cannot be repaired.

9. The container was securely _______________ to prevent any leaks during transportation.

10. The _______________ of this battery is approximately five years.

11. Please _______________ the screws to ensure they are properly fastened.

12. The technician will _______________ the sensor settings for accurate readings.

Answers: 1. d 2. h 3. b 4. i 5. j 6. l 7. c 8. a 9. e 10. k 11. g 12. f

LENG 101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH 2nd MIDTERM SCORES (IND 2)

 

LENG 101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH 2nd MIDTERM SCORES (IND 1)

 

Revision Exercises For Leng 101 Freshman English (18) (Pg:42-43)

 

Unit 5 – Breaking point

Vocabulary pp 42-43 – Describing the causes of faults

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Prevent (v) - Önlemek

• Definition: To stop something from happening or to take action to avoid it.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers implement safety measures to prevent accidents in the aviation industry.

2. Deal with (v) - Başa çıkmak

• Definition: To handle or manage a situation or problem.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers must learn how to deal with unexpected equipment malfunctions.

3. Aviation (n) - Havacılık

• Definition: The design, development, and operation of aircraft.

• Sample Sentence: Aviation has revolutionized the way we travel and transport goods.

4. Checklists (n) - Kontrol listeleri

• Definition: Lists of items or tasks to be checked or completed in a systematic way.

• Sample Sentence: Pilots use checklists to ensure that all necessary pre-flight checks are completed.

5. Standard procedures (n) - Standart prosedürler

• Definition: Established and commonly followed methods or processes.

• Sample Sentence: Standard procedures are crucial in maintaining aircraft safety.

6. Back-up installations (n) - Yedek kurulumlar (ana sistem ya da ekipmanın arızalanması durumunda devreye giren)

• Definition: Secondary systems or equipment that can be used in case of a failure in the primary ones.

• Sample Sentence: Aircraft are equipped with back-up installations to ensure redundancy.

7. Planned maintenance (n) - Planlı bakım

• Definition: Scheduled and organized maintenance activities.

• Sample Sentence: Regular planned maintenance helps extend the lifespan of engines.

8. Initial (adj) - İlk

• Definition: Related to the beginning or starting point.

• Sample Sentence: The initial phase of the project involves design and planning.

9. Unseen (adj) - Görünmeyen

• Definition: Not visible or not noticed.

• Sample Sentence: Hidden corrosion can cause unseen damage to aircraft structures.

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10. Consequence (n) - Sonuç

• Definition: The result or outcome of an action or situation.

• Sample Sentence: Ignoring safety protocols can have serious consequences in aviation.

11. Subsequent (adj) - Sonraki

• Definition: Following in time or order; occurring or coming after something else.

• Sample Sentence: Subsequent tests confirmed the effectiveness of the new design.

12. Incorrect (adj) - Yanlış

• Definition: Not correct or accurate; wrong.

• Sample Sentence: Using incorrect measurements can lead to engineering errors.

13. To be fitted to (v) – bir şeye monte edilmek, takılmak

• Definition: To be installed or attached to something.

• Sample Sentence: These sensors need to be fitted to the aircraft's control system.

14. Oversized (adj) – normalden ya da standart ölçülerden daha büyük

• Definition: Larger than the standard size or what is considered normal.

• Sample Sentence: The oversized cargo required special handling during transport.

15. Undersized (adj) – normalden ya da standart ölçülerden daha küçük

• Definition: Smaller than the standard size or what is considered normal.

• Sample Sentence: Undersized components may not meet safety requirements.

16. Clearance (n) - Boşluk, izin

• Definition: The space or gap between objects or permission to proceed.

• Sample Sentence: Ensure there is enough clearance for the aircraft to taxi safely.

17. Subsequently (adv) - Daha sonra

• Definition: Happening or occurring after something else.

• Sample Sentence: The problem was discovered during routine checks and subsequently fixed.

18. Rub (v) – Sürtmek, sürtünmek

• Definition: To move or press something against another surface with friction.

• Sample Sentence: Continuous rubbing can cause wear and tear on mechanical parts.

19. Wear (v) - Aşınmak

• Definition: To gradually deteriorate or erode due to friction or use.

• Sample Sentence: Regular maintenance helps prevent excessive wear on engine components.

20. Progressively (adv) - Aşamalı olarak

• Definition: In a gradual or step-by-step manner.

• Sample Sentence: The software update will be rolled out progressively to avoid disruptions.

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21. Go undetected (v) - Tespit edilmemek

• Definition: Not be discovered or noticed.

• Sample Sentence: Minor defects in the structure can sometimes go undetected.

22. Rupture (v) - Patlamak, yırtılmak

• Definition: To break or burst suddenly.

• Sample Sentence: A rupture in the fuel line can lead to a dangerous situation.

23. Glide (v) – havada motor gücü olmadan süzülmek

• Definition: To move smoothly and steadily through the air without power.

• Sample Sentence: In an emergency, pilots may need to glide the aircraft to safety.

24. Sequence (n) - Sıra, dizi

• Definition: A series of related events or actions that follow a specific order.

• Sample Sentence: Follow the correct sequence of startup procedures for the engine.

25. Abnormal (adj) - Anormal

• Definition: Deviating from what is considered normal or typical.

• Sample Sentence: The abnormal noise from the engine indicates a problem.

26. Anomaly (n) - Anomali, düzensizlik

• Definition: Something that is unusual or doesn't fit the expected pattern.

• Sample Sentence: Detecting anomalies in data is essential for quality control.

27. Imminent (adj) - Yakın, eli kulağında

• Definition: About to happen or occur very soon.

• Sample Sentence: The imminent launch of the satellite has the team excited.

28. Imminent danger (n) - Tehlike anı, yakın tehlike

• Definition: A situation where a threat or harm is about to occur immediately.

• Sample Sentence: The pilot's quick thinking saved the aircraft from imminent danger.

29. Disproportionate (adj) - Orantısız

• Definition: Out of proportion or not in balance with something else.

• Sample Sentence: The weight distribution in the cargo hold was disproportionate.

30. Irregular (adj) - Düzensiz, düzensizlik gösteren

• Definition: Not following a regular or predictable pattern; uneven.

• Sample Sentence: The irregular shape of the component caused assembly issues.

31. Alert (v) - Uyarı vermek

• Definition: To warn or notify someone about a potential danger or problem.

• Sample Sentence: The sensor system is designed to alert the crew to any anomalies.

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32. Imbalance (n) - Dengesizlik

• Definition: A lack of balance or an unequal distribution.

• Sample Sentence: An imbalance in weight can affect the aircraft's stability.

33. Malfunction (n) - Arıza, işlev bozukluğu

• Definition: A failure or problem in the proper functioning of a machine or system.

• Sample Sentence: The technician quickly identified the source of the malfunction.

34. Malfunction (v) - Arıza yapmak, işlev bozukluğu göstermek

• Definition: To fail to function correctly or as intended.

• Sample Sentence: The engine malfunctioned during the test run.

35. Reveal (v) - Ortaya çıkarmak, açığa çıkarmak

• Definition: To make something known or visible that was previously hidden or secret.

• Sample Sentence: The inspection revealed a crack in the aircraft's fuselage.

36. Cross-feed valve (n) - Çapraz besleme valfi

• Definition: A valve used to transfer fluids or gases between different parts of a system.

• Sample Sentence: The cross-feed valve ensures fuel is distributed evenly between tanks.

37. Divert (v) - Yönlendirmek, başka bir yere yönlendirmek

• Definition: To redirect or send something to a different destination or course.

• Sample Sentence: Bad weather forced the pilot to divert the flight to an alternate airport.

38. Flame out (v) - Alev almadan sönme

• Definition: To extinguish suddenly, typically in reference to an engine flame.

• Sample Sentence: The engine flame out was a result of fuel supply issues.

39. Emergency ram air turbine (n) - Acil rüzgarla çalışan türbin

• Definition: A device that generates power from the airflow during an aircraft emergency.

• Sample Sentence: The emergency ram air turbine provided essential electrical power during the blackout.

40. Deploy (v) - Yerleştirmek, açmak

• Definition: To position or activate equipment or resources for use.

• Sample Sentence: The parachute is designed to deploy automatically in emergencies.

41. Fly-by-wire controls and instruments (n) - Kablosuz kontroller ve aletlerle uçmak

• Definition: Aircraft control systems that use electronic signals instead of mechanical linkages.

• Sample Sentence: Fly-by-wire controls and instruments have improved aircraft safety and efficiency.

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42. Operable (adj) - Çalışabilir, işlevsel

• Definition: Capable of functioning or working as intended.

• Sample Sentence: The emergency exit must always be operable in case of evacuation.

43. Inoperable (adj) - Çalışmaz, işlevsiz

• Definition: Not functioning or unable to operate.

• Sample Sentence: The inoperable landing gear required an emergency landing procedure.

44. Airborne (adj) - Havada, uçakta

• Definition: In flight or flying in the air.

• Sample Sentence: The aircraft was airborne within minutes of takeoff.

45. Manually (adv) - El ile, manuel olarak

• Definition: By human effort or without automation.

• Sample Sentence: The pilot had to manually adjust the altitude due to a sensor malfunction.

46. Automatically (adv) - Otomatik olarak

• Definition: Without human intervention, typically using sensors or automation.

• Sample Sentence: The system can automatically adjust engine power for optimal performance.

47. Spectacular (adj) - Göz alıcı, muhteşem

• Definition: Impressive and visually striking in a dramatic way.

• Sample Sentence: The airshow featured spectacular aerobatic maneuvers.

48. Shaft (n) - Mil, şaft

• Definition: A long, slender rod or axle used for transmitting motion or power.

• Sample Sentence: The shaft connects the engine to the propeller.

49. Across (sth) - Boyunca, üzerinden

• Definition: From one side to the other or covering a surface.

• Sample Sentence: The cables run across the entire length of the bridge.

50. Consistent (adj) - Tutarlı, uyumlu

• Definition: Maintaining the same behavior, standards, or characteristics over time.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers aim to achieve consistent product quality.

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Read the the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

Investigating the Root Causes of Faults in Engineering Systems

Engineering systems, from aircraft to manufacturing plants, are marvels of human ingenuity, designed to operate with precision and efficiency. However, even the most meticulously engineered systems can experience faults and failures. In this article, we delve into the intricate world of engineering to explore the multifaceted causes of these faults.

One of the primary triggers of faults in engineering systems is the failure to meticulously adhere to standard procedures. Engineers and technicians are trained to follow strict protocols during installation, maintenance, and operation. However, deviations from these established procedures can lead to incorrect installations or routine checklists not being properly completed. Such lapses can result in a sequence of events that ultimately lead to an imbalance or malfunction within the system. In aviation, for instance, neglecting the recommended sequence of pre-flight checks can result in an imminent danger situation.

Wear and tear on critical components is another common contributor to faults. The gradual rubbing of moving parts against each other, without proper lubrication or maintenance, can lead to progressive damage. This deterioration is exacerbated if oversized or undersized components are used, as they may not provide the required clearance for smooth operation. Over time, these irregularities can culminate in a rupture or other catastrophic failures, which often go undetected until a crisis emerges.

Furthermore, the role of data anomalies and irregular sensor readings should not be underestimated. Modern engineering systems rely heavily on data monitoring and feedback. An abnormal reading from a cross-feed valve, for example, might signify an underlying malfunction within the system. Failure to recognize and address these anomalies in a timely manner can result in unexpected consequences.

In the aviation industry, flame-outs due to fuel supply issues are an example of how faults can manifest dramatically. A malfunctioning fuel system can cause the engine to become inoperable, putting the aircraft in an emergency situation. In such cases, pilots must swiftly deploy emergency ram air turbines to maintain essential power and control, highlighting the critical importance of operable backup installations.

In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of the causes of faults in engineering systems is paramount for accident prevention and ensuring the unwavering reliability of technological marvels. Engineers, technicians, and operators must consistently adhere to standard procedures, diligently monitor wear and tear, and remain vigilant for anomalies in the data. By addressing these issues with due care and attention, the likelihood of faults and their potentially catastrophic consequences can be substantially reduced, resulting in safer, more resilient, and efficient engineering systems.

1. What is the primary reason for faults in engineering systems?

a) Lack of skilled technicians c) Excessive wear and tear

b) Deviation from standard procedures d) Data anomalies

2. In the context of engineering systems, what is the significance of wear and tear on components?

a) It enhances system performance c) It causes progressive damage

b) It accelerates component replacement d) It has no impact on system reliability

3. What is the potential consequence of using oversized or undersized components in an engineering system?

a) Improved efficiency c) Smooth operation

b) Clearance optimization d) Irregularities leading to failure

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4. What role do data anomalies play in identifying faults?

a) They are always indicative of a major problem. c) They can provide early warning signs of potential issues.

b) They can be ignored if other readings are normal. d) They are only relevant in aviation systems.

5. What do pilots do in the event of a flame-out due to fuel supply issues?

a) Ignore the issue and continue flying c) Adjust the fuel mixture manually

b) Deploy emergency ram air turbines d) Request immediate landing clearance

6. What is the critical importance of operable backup installations?

a) They can compensate for human error during operation.

b) They provide additional functionality to the system.

c) They allow for routine maintenance without downtime.

d) They can save lives in emergency situations.

7. What does "progressive damage" refer to in the text?

a) Gradual deterioration over time c) Damage caused by data anomalies

b) Sudden and severe damage d) Damage that goes undetected

8. Based on the article, which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for preventing faults?

a) Regularly checking for wear and tear on components

b) Ignoring unusual data readings from sensors

c) Strictly adhering to established procedures

d) Diligently maintaining and lubricating moving parts

Answers and explanations

1. What is the primary reason for faults in engineering systems?

Answer: b) Deviation from standard procedures

Explanation: The text states that one of the primary causes of faults in engineering systems is the failure to adhere to standard procedures.

2. In the context of engineering systems, what is the significance of wear and tear on components?

Answer: c) It causes progressive damage

Explanation: The text explains that wear and tear on components can lead to progressive damage over time.

3. What is the potential consequence of using oversized or undersized components in an engineering system?

Answer: d) Irregularities leading to failure

Explanation: The text mentions that using oversized or undersized components can result in irregularities that may lead to system failure.

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4. What role do data anomalies play in identifying faults?

Answer: c) They can provide early warning signs of potential issues.

Explanation: The passage highlights the importance of recognizing data anomalies as indicators of underlying malfunctions. Other options are inaccurate or too extreme.

5. What do pilots do in the event of a flame-out due to fuel supply issues?

Answer: b) Deploy emergency ram air turbines

Explanation: The text explains that pilots must deploy emergency ram air turbines in the event of a flame-out due to fuel supply issues.

6. What is the critical importance of operable backup installations?

Answer: d) They can save lives in emergency situations.

Explanation: The text emphasizes the life-saving capability of backup systems when primary systems fail, especially in the context of aviation emergencies.

7. What does "progressive damage" refer to in the text?

Answer: a) Gradual deterioration over time

Explanation: "Progressive damage" in the text refers to the gradual deterioration of components over time.

8. Based on the article, which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for preventing faults?

Answer: b) Ignoring unusual data readings from sensors

Explanation: The entire piece emphasizes the importance of recognizing and addressing data anomalies. All other options are recommended practices for preventing faults.

Fill in the blanks using correct words from the list below.

a. automatically b. imbalance c. go undetected d. oversized e. rupture f. clearance g. wear h. abnormal i. operable j. manually

1. Using _____________ components can lead to problems as they may not fit properly within the system.

2. The recommended _____________ between moving parts should be maintained to prevent friction.

3. Continuous _____________ of engine components can lead to premature failure.

4. The technician had to _____________ adjust the settings to bring the system back online.

5. A _____________ in the pipeline can lead to a significant loss of pressure and product.

6. An _____________ reading from a sensor might indicate a potential problem within the system.

7. An _____________ in the distribution of weight in the cargo hold can affect the aircraft's stability.

8. The backup generator ensures that critical systems remain _____________ during power outages.

9. The software is designed to _____________ update itself to the latest version when connected to the internet.

10. Minor issues in the system may _____________ during routine inspections if not carefully examined.

Answer key: 1. d 2. f 3. g 4. j 5. e 6. h 7. b 8. i 9. a 10. c

Revision Exercises For Leng 101 Freshman English (15) (Pg:36-37)

 Unit 4 – Engineering design

Vocabulary pp.36-37 – Resolving design problems

Please give feedback to Instructor Ali Esin SÜT – aliesins@gmail.com

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Make up a design (v):

• Definition: To create or form a plan for a structure or system.

• Sample sentence: Engineers make up a design before constructing a new bridge.

2. Arise (v):

• Definition: To come into existence or occur.

• Sample sentence: Unexpected issues can arise during the construction phase.

3. Properly (adv):

• Definition: In the correct or appropriate manner.

• Sample sentence: It's crucial to follow safety guidelines properly in the laboratory.

4. Coordinate (v):

• Definition: To organize and synchronize different components or activities.

• Sample sentence: The team must coordinate their efforts to ensure a smooth project.

5. Correspondence (n):

• Definition: Communication by exchanging letters or emails.

• Sample sentence: Engineers use email for professional correspondence.

6. Correspond (with) (v):

• Definition: To communicate or match with something.

• Sample sentence: The specifications should correspond with the client's requirements.

7. Query (n):

• Definition: A question or inquiry.

• Sample sentence: If you have any queries, please ask during the Q&A session.

8. Query (v):

• Definition: To ask a question or seek information.

• Sample sentence: Feel free to query any uncertainties in the project.

9. Instruction (n):

• Definition: A direction or order on how to do something.

• Sample sentence: The manual provides clear instructions for operating the machinery.

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10. Instruct (v):

• Definition: To give orders or directions.

• Sample sentence: The supervisor will instruct the team on the new safety protocols.

11. Discrepancy (n):

• Definition: A difference or inconsistency.

• Sample sentence: The engineers need to investigate the discrepancy in the test results.

12. Indicate (v):

• Definition: To show or point out.

• Sample sentence: The arrow indicates the direction of assembly.

13. Conflict (n):

• Definition: A disagreement or opposition.

• Sample sentence: Engineers should resolve conflicts in project plans.

14. Conflict (v):

• Definition: To be incompatible or contradictory.

• Sample sentence: The proposed changes conflict with the existing design.

15. Conflicting (adj):

• Definition: Incompatible or contradictory.

• Sample sentence: The two sets of instructions are conflicting.

16. Disregard (v):

• Definition: To ignore or pay no attention to.

• Sample sentence: Do not disregard safety warnings in the workplace.

17. Clash (v):

• Definition: To collide or to be in each other’s way.

• Sample sentence: The pipes clashed with the electrical conduit, making them impossible to install together.

18. Clash (n):

• Definition: A collision or conflict.

• Sample sentence: The clash between the load-bearing wall and the planned elevator shaft forced a structural re-evaluation.

19. Proposed (adj):

• Definition: Suggested or planned.

• Sample sentence: The proposed design changes aim to improve efficiency.

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20. As per:

• Definition: According to or in accordance with.

• Sample sentence: The project should be completed as per the client's specifications.

21. Ceiling (n):

• Definition: The upper interior surface of a room.

• Sample sentence: Engineers need to consider the ceiling height when designing the lighting system.

22. Void (n):

• Definition: An empty or unfilled space.

• Sample sentence: The architect left a void in the design for future expansion.

23. Advise (v):

• Definition: To offer suggestions or recommendations.

• Sample sentence: The engineer will advise the client on the best materials for the project.

24. Fixing (n):

• Definition: The act of fastening or securing something in place.

• Sample sentence: The fixing of the components should be done carefully to avoid structural issues.

25. Spec (n):

• Definition: Specifications or detailed requirements.

• Sample sentence: Engineers should review the project spec before starting construction.

26. Facilitate (v):

• Definition: To make a process or action easier.

• Sample sentence: The new software will facilitate data analysis in engineering projects.

27. Straight away (adv):

• Definition: Immediately or without delay.

• Sample sentence: If you encounter a problem, report it straight away to the project manager.

28. A row of sth (n):

• Definition: An arrangement of objects in a line.

• Sample sentence: The blueprint includes a row of solar panels on the roof.

29. Run along (v):

• Definition: To extend or follow a path.

• Sample sentence: The wiring needs to run along the designated conduit for safety.

30. Redesign (v):

• Definition: To alter or make changes to an existing design.

• Sample sentence: Engineers may need to redesign the circuit for better performance.

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Read the the e-mail below and mark the sentences as True or False (B1 level):

Urgent Discrepancy - Main Staircase Beam Installation

Dear [Contractor Name],

I'm writing to you today regarding a concerning discrepancy we've identified between the approved design plans and the current installation of the main staircase beam.

As per the structural engineering specifications (Rev. 4, Section 5.2.1), the beam should be a solid I-beam profile, 300mm x 100mm, fabricated from high-strength steel (grade 450). However, upon inspection this morning, we discovered that you've installed a hollow box beam with dimensions of 250mm x 150mm, made from standard mild steel.

This discrepancy raises several critical issues:

1. Structural integrity: The substituted beam may not possess the necessary strength and rigidity to support the anticipated load of the staircase, potentially compromising the building's safety.

2. Fire safety: The standard mild steel might not offer the same level of fire resistance as the specified high-strength steel, potentially jeopardizing the building's fire safety protocols.

3. Code compliance: Deviating from the approved plans without prior consultation puts us at risk of non-compliance with building codes and regulations, potentially leading to costly delays and rework.

We understand that unforeseen circumstances can arise on-site, but this deviation is significant and requires immediate attention. We kindly request that you:

1. Cease installation: Please halt any further work on the main staircase beam until we can discuss and rectify this situation.

2. Provide clarification: We need to understand the reasoning behind this substitution. Was it due to material shortage, a miscommunication, or another factor?

3. Propose solutions: Depending on the reason, we need to determine the best course of action. This could involve sourcing the correct beam, reinforcing the existing one, or exploring alternative solutions that meet the design requirements and safety standards.

We're available to meet on-site at your earliest convenience to discuss this further. Please let me know your preferred time and we'll be there.

Thank you for your cooperation in this urgent matter. We look forward to resolving this discrepancy swiftly and ensuring the project's continued success.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

Design Team Lead

[Project Name]

Mark the statements as True or False according to the e-mail.

1. The contractor informed the design team about the beam change beforehand. …..

2. The design team specified a solid I-beam for the main staircase. …..

3. The contractor installed a hollow box beam instead. …..

4. The substituted beam is actually stronger than the specified one. ……

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5. The substituted beam has different dimensions and material. …..

6. The design team approves of the alternative solution. …..

7. This discrepancy jeopardizes structural integrity, fire safety, and code compliance. …..

8. This is a minor issue that can be easily resolved. …..

9. The discrepancy is solely due to material shortage on-site. …..

10. The design team wants to understand the reason for the change. …..

Answer key: 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

Addressing Design Challenges in Machinery Development

In the realm of engineering, crafting a design for a new piece of machinery is a meticulous process. Engineers strive to make up a design that not only meets the specified requirements but also adheres to safety standards. Recently, a design issue has arisen in the development of an advanced machinery system, prompting the need for a comprehensive review.

To properly comprehend the intricacies of the problem, it is crucial to coordinate efforts among the design team. Effective coordination ensures that each team member understands their role in addressing the challenges. This coordination extends to correspondence with various stakeholders, including suppliers and clients, to gather valuable insights.

In the initial stages, a query arose regarding the discrepancy between the proposed design and the specifications outlined in the initial instruction manual. Engineers were quick to indicate potential areas of conflict, addressing conflicting elements that could hinder the machinery's optimal functionality. Conflicting opinions within the team led to a disagreement during the design review meeting, emphasizing the importance of clear communication.

Despite the disagreement, the team decided to disregard the minor disagreements and focus on finding a solution. It was proposed that a redesign of certain components might resolve the conflicting issues. The team agreed to proceed with the redesign as per the latest industry standards and best practices.

The redesign process involved advising team members on the necessary modifications. Each team member was instructed to carefully fix the identified issues, following the updated specifications provided in the engineering spec. The spec outlined the detailed requirements for the redesigned components, facilitating a smoother implementation process.

To facilitate the redesign, engineers worked straight away to address the challenges. The updated design now includes a row of enhanced features, indicating a marked improvement in the machinery's overall performance. This redesign not only resolved the initial conflict but also laid the foundation for a more efficient and reliable machinery system.

In conclusion, the journey from identifying a design problem to implementing a solution involves effective coordination, clear correspondence, and the ability to address conflicts. The team's commitment to redesigning the machinery as per the updated specifications showcases the resilience and problem-solving skills essential in the field of engineering.

1. What is the primary focus of the text?

a. Addressing conflicts in team communication c. Exploring the history of machinery development

b. Discussing machinery design challenges in engineering d. Reviewing safety standards in engineering

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2. Why did the design issue arise in the machinery development process?

a. Lack of coordination within the design team c. Conflicts with suppliers

b. Disregard for safety standards d. Inadequate instruction in the manual

3. What role does correspondence play in the text?

a. Coordinating efforts among team members c. Redesigning machinery components

b. Gathering insights from stakeholders d. Resolving conflicts in team meetings

4. How did the team address the discrepancy in the proposed design?

a. Ignoring the issue and moving forward with the original plan c. Redesigning certain components

b. Indicating potential areas of conflict d. Seeking external consultants for advice

5. What led to a clash during the team meeting?

a. Conflicting opinions within the team c. Lack of coordination with suppliers

b. Disregard for safety warnings d. Issues with machinery specifications

6. What was the proposed solution to resolve conflicting issues?

a. Disregard the disagreements and continue with the original design

b. Seek external advice from industry experts

d. Ignore the conflicts and focus on the positive aspects

7. How did the team proceed with the redesign process?

a. Delayed the process for further analysis c. Continued with the initial design despite conflicts

b. Coordinated efforts to fix identified issues d. Disregarded the need for a redesign

8. What does the text suggest about the redesigned machinery?

a. It includes a row of enhanced features. c. It conflicts with industry regulations.

b. It disregards safety standards. d. It coordinates poorly with the team's efforts.

Answers and explanations:

1. Answer: b. Discussing machinery design challenges in engineering

• Explanation: The primary focus of the text is on addressing design challenges in the development of machinery in an engineering context.

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2. Answer: a. Lack of coordination within the design team

• Explanation: The text mentions that effective coordination is crucial, and a design issue arose, emphasizing the importance of teamwork.

3. Answer: b. Gathering insights from stakeholders

• Explanation: Correspondence is mentioned in the context of coordinating with various stakeholders, including suppliers and clients, to gather valuable insights.

4. Answer: c. Redesigning certain components

• Explanation: The text states that a proposed solution to the discrepancy was the redesign of certain components to address conflicting issues.

5. Answer: a. Conflicting opinions within the team

• Explanation: The clash during the team meeting is attributed to conflicting opinions within the team regarding the design issues.

6. Answer: a. Disregard the disagreements and continue with the original design

• Explanation: The proposed solution was not to disregard conflicts but to redesign certain components as per updated specifications.

7. Answer: b. Coordinated efforts to fix identified issues

• Explanation: The team decided to proceed with the redesign and instructed team members to fix the identified issues, indicating a coordinated effort.

8. Answer: a. It includes a row of enhanced features.

• Explanation: The text mentions that the redesigned machinery now includes a row of enhanced features, indicating improvements in performance.

Revision Exercises For Leng 101 Freshman English (17) (Pg:40 -41)

 

Unit 5 – Breaking point

Vocabulary pp 40-41 – Assessing and interpreting faults

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Assess (v): To evaluate or examine a situation or condition.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers need to assess the performance of the new system to ensure its efficiency.

2. Interpret (v): To understand and explain the meaning or significance of something.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers must interpret the data collected from experiments to draw meaningful conclusions.

3. Fault (n): A defect or imperfection in a system or machine.

• Sample Sentence: The technician identified a fault in the circuit that caused the equipment to malfunction.

4. Faulty (adj): Having a defect or flaw.

• Sample Sentence: The faulty wiring led to a disruption in the electrical supply.

5. Problem-solving checklist (n): A list of steps or actions to systematically address and resolve issues.

• Sample Sentence: Use a problem-solving checklist to troubleshoot and fix technical issues efficiently.

6. User’s observation (n): Information gathered from the user's perception or experience.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers often rely on the user’s observations to identify potential problems in the system.

7. Nature of fault (n): The characteristics or properties of a malfunction or issue.

• Sample Sentence: Understanding the nature of the fault is crucial for devising an effective solution.

8. Circumstance (n): A particular condition or situation.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers consider various circumstances when designing a system to ensure its reliability.

9. Circumstances of fault (n): The specific conditions surrounding a malfunction or issue.

• Sample Sentence: Investigating the circumstances of the fault helps in determining the root cause.

10. External factors (n): Influences or conditions from outside the system.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers need to account for external factors that may impact the performance of the structure.

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11. Eliminate (v): To completely remove or get rid of something.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers aim to eliminate any unnecessary components to optimize system efficiency.

12. Elimination (n): The process of removing or getting rid of something.

• Sample Sentence: Through careful elimination of potential causes, the team identified the source of the problem.

13. Process of elimination (n): A systematic method of deducing the correct solution by eliminating incorrect possibilities.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers often use a process of elimination to identify the faulty component in a complex system.

14. Identify (v): To recognize and name something.

• Sample Sentence: It is essential to identify the key factors influencing the performance of the software.

15. Determine (v): To find out or ascertain through investigation.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers must determine the root cause of the issue before implementing a solution.

16. Urgency (n): The state of requiring immediate attention or action.

• Sample Sentence: The urgency of the situation prompted the team to work efficiently to resolve the problem.

17. Urgent (adj): Requiring immediate action or attention.

• Sample Sentence: An urgent response is necessary to prevent further damage to the equipment.

18. Occur (v): To take place or happen.

• Sample Sentence: System failures can occur if regular maintenance is not performed.

19. Injection (n): The process of introducing a substance into a system.

• Sample Sentence: Fuel injection is a common method used in modern car engines for efficient combustion.

20. Misfire (v): To fail to operate or fire correctly.

• Sample Sentence: The engine misfired due to a problem with the ignition system.

21. Misfiring (n): The occurrence of a misfire.

• Sample Sentence: Persistent misfiring can lead to reduced engine performance.

22. Misfiring (adj): Describing the state of not firing correctly.

• Sample Sentence: The misfiring engine was a result of a faulty spark plug.

23. Down on power: Having reduced or insufficient power output.

• Sample Sentence: The vehicle felt down on power, indicating a potential engine issue.

24. Overheat (v): To become excessively hot.

• Sample Sentence: Continuous operation without proper cooling can cause the engine to overheat.

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25. Overheating (n): The condition of becoming excessively hot.

• Sample Sentence: Overheating can lead to permanent damage to electronic components.

26. Outdoor unit (n): The component of a system designed for outdoor installation.

• Sample Sentence: The outdoor unit of the air conditioning system should be placed in a well-ventilated area.

27. Major (adj): Significant or important.

• Sample Sentence: The team identified a major flaw in the design that needed immediate attention.

28. Sudden (adj): Occurring without warning or unexpectedly.

• Sample Sentence: The sudden loss of power indicated a critical issue in the electrical system.

29. Suddenly (adv): In a sudden manner, without advance notice.

• Sample Sentence: The equipment stopped working suddenly, catching the operators by surprise.

30. Intermittent (adj): Occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous.

• Sample Sentence: The intermittent connectivity issue made it challenging to diagnose the network problem.

31. Intermittently (adv): At irregular intervals or not continuously.

• Sample Sentence: The warning light flashed intermittently, suggesting a potential electrical issue.

32. Systematic (adj): Following a systematic and organized approach.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers conduct a systematic analysis to identify and address system vulnerabilities.

33. Systematically (adv): In a systematic and methodical manner.

• Sample Sentence: The team systematically reviewed the code to locate and fix bugs.

34. Pre-heater (n): A device used to heat a system or component before regular operation.

• Sample Sentence: The pre-heater ensures that the engine reaches the optimal temperature for efficient combustion.

35. Starter motor (n): The electric motor that starts an engine.

• Sample Sentence: A malfunctioning starter motor can prevent the engine from starting.

36. Gauge (n): A device for measuring or indicating a quantity.

• Sample Sentence: The pressure gauge provides essential information about the condition of the hydraulic system.

37. Temperature gauge (n): A gauge specifically designed to measure temperature.

• Sample Sentence: Keep an eye on the temperature gauge to prevent overheating during prolonged operation.

38. Override (v): To take control of something or prevent something from happening.

• Sample Sentence: The emergency shutdown can override regular operations for safety reasons.

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39. Override (n): A mechanism that allows manual control to supersede automatic functions. The act of taking control of something or preventing something from happening.

• Sample Sentence: The safety override automatically shut down the machine to prevent further damage.

40. Safety override (n): A feature designed to prioritize safety by allowing manual intervention.

• Sample Sentence: The safety override function halted operations to prevent a potential hazard.

41. Consistent (adj): Unchanging or uniform in behavior or performance. Happening regularly or always in the same way.

• Sample Sentence: The consistent performance of the system is a testament to its reliability.

42. Consistently (adv): In a manner that is unchanging or uniform. In a consistent way.

• Sample Sentence: The software consistently delivers accurate results under various conditions.

43. Lubricate (v): To apply a lubricant, such as oil or grease, to reduce friction or wear.

• Sample Sentence: Regularly lubricate moving parts to ensure smooth operation and prevent damage.

44. Lubrication (n): The process of applying a lubricant.

• Sample Sentence: Adequate lubrication is essential for maintaining the longevity of mechanical components.

45. Compress (v): To reduce the volume or size of something by applying pressure.

• Sample Sentence: The air compressor is used to compress air for various industrial applications.

46. Compression (n): The act or process of compressing.

• Sample Sentence: Engine performance relies on proper compression within the combustion chamber.

Types of Problems in Engineering

1. Sudden Problem:

• Definition: A problem that occurs unexpectedly and quickly. It can be caused by a sudden failure of a component, a change in operating conditions, or an external event.

• Example: A sudden loss of power in a machine due to a blown fuse.

• Impact: Sudden problems can cause immediate disruption to operations and safety concerns. They often require immediate attention and troubleshooting to resolve.

2. Intermittent Problem:

• Definition: A problem that occurs occasionally and not always. It can be difficult to diagnose and resolve because it may not be consistent in its behavior.

• Example: An electrical component that shorts out intermittently, causing lights to flicker.

• Impact: Intermittent problems can be frustrating to deal with and can lead to decreased productivity and efficiency. They require careful observation and testing to identify the root cause.

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3. Systematic Problem:

• Definition: A problem that is caused by a flaw in the design or operation of a system. It is usually consistent and predictable in its behavior.

• Example: A machine that consistently produces defective parts due to a faulty assembly process.

• Impact: Systematic problems can be more challenging to solve as they require a deeper understanding of the system and its underlying flaws. They often require changes to the design or process to be effectively addressed.

Read the the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

A Misfiring Engine: A Case of Troubleshooting

Deep within a bustling factory, a large machine suddenly sputtered and coughed, its rhythm disrupted by an unwelcome misfire. Alarms blared, and production lines ground to a halt. The engineers, ever vigilant, rushed to assess the situation.

Identifying the Culprit:

The first step involved carefully assessing the situation. The engineers listened to the engine's erratic misfiring sounds, their eyes scanning the various gauges and meters. They gathered information from nearby workers, noting their user's observations about the machine's unusual behavior.

Next came the crucial task of interpretation. Analyzing the gathered data, the engineers sought to understand the nature of the fault and the circumstances surrounding its occurrence. Was it a sudden failure, or had there been intermittent signs of trouble? Were there any external factors, like temperature fluctuations or power surges, that could have triggered the problem?

Armed with their observations and deductions, the engineers embarked on a meticulous process of elimination. Using their problem-solving checklist, they systematically ruled out potential causes, one by one. They checked the fuel injection system, the starter motor, the pre-heater, and finally, the compression.

Urgency and Resolution:

With each step, the team narrowed down the possibilities, working with a sense of urgency. Time was of the essence, and the production line awaited their expertise. Finally, after hours of dedicated effort, they identified the culprit: a faulty spark plug.

Replacing the spark plug proved a relatively simple task. But the engineers didn't stop there. They delved deeper, investigating the circumstances of the fault. They determined that the spark plug had worn out prematurely due to inconsistent lubrication and overheating of the engine.

Preventing Future Mishaps:

With the immediate problem solved, the engineers focused on prevention. They implemented a systematic maintenance schedule, ensuring consistent lubrication and monitoring the engine's temperature with increased vigilance. Additionally, they installed a safety override to automatically shut down the engine in case of overheating.

Through their skilled interpretation, meticulous elimination, and determined problem-solving, the engineers had successfully identified and resolved the misfiring issue. Their efforts ensured not only the smooth operation of the machine but also the overall efficiency and safety of the factory.

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1. What was the first thing the engineers did when the machine started misfiring?

a) Replaced the spark plugs

b) Assessed the situation

c) Shut down the production lines

d) Called for maintenance

2. What helped the engineers understand the nature of the fault?

a) The user's observations

b) The sound of the misfiring

c) The problem-solving checklist

d) The temperature gauge

3. What process did the engineers use to identify the cause of the problem?

a) Elimination of possibilities

b) Trial and error

c) Consulting the manual

d) Replacing parts randomly

4. Which component of the engine was ultimately found to be faulty?

a) The fuel injection system

b) The starter motor

c) The pre-heater

d) The spark plug

5. What was the main reason the spark plug failed prematurely?

a) Inconsistent lubrication

b) Overheating

c) Wear and tear

d) Faulty design

6. What steps did the engineers take to prevent future mishaps?

a) Installed a safety override

b) Implemented a maintenance schedule

c) Monitored the engine temperature

d) All of the above

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Answers and explanations:

1. b) Assessed the situation

Explanation: The passage specifically states that the first thing the engineers did was to carefully assess the situation by listening to the engine, observing gauges, and gathering information from nearby workers.

2. a) The user's observations

Explanation: The passage mentions that the engineers analyzed the user's observations, along with other data, to understand the nature of the fault.

3. a) Elimination of possibilities

Explanation: The engineers used a process of systematically eliminating potential causes, one by one, until they identified the faulty spark plug.

4. d) The spark plug

Explanation: The passage explicitly states that the spark plug was found to be the faulty component that caused the engine misfiring.

5. a) Inconsistent lubrication

Explanation: The passage explains that the spark plug failed prematurely because it was not receiving consistent lubrication.

6. d) All of the above

Explanation: The passage mentions that the engineers installed a safety override, implemented a maintenance schedule, and monitored the engine temperature to prevent future problems.

Read the text below (B2 level):

Troubleshooting Techniques in Engineering

In the dynamic field of engineering, the ability to assess and interpret various issues is crucial for maintaining the optimal performance of systems. Engineers often encounter challenges such as faults and faulty components that require a systematic approach to problem-solving.

When a malfunction occurs, the first step is to establish a problem-solving checklist. This comprehensive list includes steps to eliminate potential causes systematically. Engineers must identify the nature of the fault and consider the circumstances of the fault to determine the root cause.

External factors, such as environmental conditions or user behavior, can significantly impact the performance of a system. Therefore, a keen eye for user’s observation is essential. Engineers rely on the observations provided by users to gain insights into the system's behavior under different conditions.

The process of elimination is a powerful tool in the engineer's toolkit. By eliminating possible causes one by one, engineers can pinpoint the source of the issue. This method requires a consistent and systematic approach to ensure accurate results.

Urgency plays a vital role in addressing system malfunctions. An urgent response is necessary to prevent further damage or system downtime. Engineers need to occur timely interventions to avoid potential cascading failures.

Misfiring in components, such as engines, can lead to a down on power situation. It's essential to overcome challenges like misfiring through proper diagnostics and timely interventions. Additionally, overheating is a common issue that requires engineers to monitor temperature gauges and implement effective cooling strategies.

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Outdoor units of various systems are exposed to diverse conditions. Engineers must consider external factors and design robust systems that can withstand sudden changes in weather or environmental conditions.

Major issues can arise suddenly, requiring a swift and accurate response. Engineers need to address these challenges intermittently to ensure the continued reliability of the system.

In conclusion, troubleshooting in engineering demands a combination of technical expertise, analytical thinking, and a commitment to systematic problem-solving. By incorporating these techniques, engineers can navigate the complexities of system malfunctions and ensure the longevity and efficiency of engineering systems.

Fill in the gaps in the paragraph below based on the information given in the text. Use the words given below.

a. external factors b. fault c. circumstances d. faulty e. occurring f. elimination

g. identify h. checklist i. assess j. reliability

In engineering, when a machine shows signs of a problem, the first step is to carefully 1…………. the situation. Engineers need to interpret the data available to understand the 2…………. and whether it's caused by a 3………….. component. Following a problem-solving 4…………….. helps in a step-by-step approach to eliminate potential issues. It's essential to 5…………… the nature of the fault by considering the 6…………….. of the fault. Engineers rely on user’s observation to gather valuable insights into the system's behavior. The process of 7……………. involves consistent and systematic removal of possible causes. Urgency is crucial, and an urgent response is necessary to prevent further issues from 8……………. Misfiring and overheating are common concerns that require attention. Outdoor units must withstand various 9…………….. , and engineers need to address issues suddenly and intermittently to ensure system 10…………… .

Answer key: 1. i 2. b 3. d 4. h 5. g 6. c 7. f 8. e 9. a 10. j

Revision Exercises for Leng 101 Freshman English (16) (Pg:38-38)

 

Unit 5 – Breaking point

Vocabulary pp.38-39 – Describing types of technical problems

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Endurance Car Race (n):

• Definition: A long-distance racing event testing the durability and performance of both the vehicle and the driver.

• Sample Sentence: "The Le Mans 24-hour endurance car race is famous for pushing the limits of both man and machine."

2. Endurance (n):

• Definition: The ability to withstand difficult conditions over a prolonged period.

• Sample Sentence: "In engineering, the endurance of materials is crucial for ensuring long-lasting and reliable structures."

3. Endure (v):

• Definition: To withstand or tolerate adverse conditions.

• Sample Sentence: "Engineers design structures to endure extreme weather conditions and remain functional."

4. Test Session (n):

• Definition: A scheduled period for evaluating the performance or reliability of a system or product.

• Sample Sentence: "Before launching a new product, engineers conduct rigorous test sessions to identify potential issues."

5. Reliability (n):

• Definition: The quality of being trustworthy and consistently performing as expected.

• Sample Sentence: "In engineering, the reliability of a system is paramount to ensure its safety and effectiveness."

6. Old Saying (n):

• Definition: A traditional and widely accepted statement or proverb.

• Sample Sentence: "There's an old saying in engineering: 'Measure twice, cut once,' emphasizing the importance of precision."

7. Wear and Tear (n):

• Definition: Damage or deterioration resulting from ordinary use.

• Sample Sentence: "Regular maintenance is essential to prevent wear and tear on machinery in industrial settings."

8. Wear/Wear Out (v):

• Definition: To gradually damage or become damaged through use.

• Sample Sentence: "Continuous friction can wear out the gears in a machine over time."

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9. Chassis (n):

• Definition: The framework or structural support of a vehicle.

• Sample Sentence: "The chassis of a car is designed to provide strength and support to all its components."

10. Gearbox (n):

• Definition: The component in a vehicle that transmits power from the engine to the wheels.

• Sample Sentence: "The gearbox allows the driver to control the speed and direction of the vehicle."

11. Clutch (n):

• Definition: A mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission, especially in a vehicle.

• Sample Sentence: "When you press the clutch pedal in a manual car, you disengage the engine from the gearbox to change gears."

12. Suspension (n):

• Definition: The system of springs, shock absorbers, and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels.

• Sample Sentence: "A good suspension system is essential for a smooth and comfortable ride in a car."

13. Coolant (n):

• Definition: A liquid or gas used to cool an engine or other machinery.

• Sample Sentence: "The coolant in the car's radiator helps regulate the engine temperature and prevent overheating."

14. Circuit (in Electricity) (n):

• Definition: The complete path of an electric current, typically including a power source, conductors, and a load.

• Sample Sentence: "Engineers must ensure a closed circuit for electricity to flow and power devices."

15. Circuit (in Racing) (n):

• Definition: A defined route or track used for racing events.

• Sample Sentence: "The Formula 1 circuit in Monaco is known for its challenging twists and turns."

16. Jam (n):

• Definition: A situation where a moving part becomes stuck and cannot move freely.

• Sample Sentence: "If there's a jam in the machinery, it's important to stop and address the issue to avoid damage."

17. Snap (v):

• Definition: To break suddenly and sharply.

• Sample Sentence: "A sudden increase in pressure can cause pipes to snap, leading to leaks."

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18. Bend (v):

• Definition: To deform or curve due to pressure or force.

• Sample Sentence: "Metal rods may bend under excessive weight or stress."

19. Crack (v):

• Definition: To develop a line or fissure on the surface due to damage or stress.

• Sample Sentence: "If you drop the glass, it may crack and need replacement."

20. Crack (n):

• Definition: A narrow opening or fissure, especially in a surface.

• Sample Sentence: "Inspect the structure for any cracks to ensure its integrity."

21. Blow Up (v):

• Definition: To burst or explode suddenly.

• Sample Sentence: "Overheating can cause the engine to blow up if not addressed promptly."

22. Clog Up (v):

• Definition: To become blocked or obstructed.

• Sample Sentence: "If you don't clean the filters regularly, pipes can clog up, causing drainage issues."

23. Leak Out (v):

• Definition: To escape or seep out unintentionally.

• Sample Sentence: "It's important to fix any leaks promptly to prevent damage to electronic components."

24. Run Out (of sth) (v):

• Definition: To exhaust the supply of something.

• Sample Sentence: "If you run out of fuel during a race, it can cost you valuable time."

25. Cut Out (v):

• Definition: To suddenly stop working or operating.

• Sample Sentence: "The engine cut out, and the mechanic had to diagnose the issue."

26. Side Pod (n):

• Definition: A component on the side of a racing car that houses various elements, such as radiators or aerodynamic features.

• Sample Sentence: "The side pods play a crucial role in maintaining the car's optimal temperature during a race."

27. Pour Out (of sth) (v):

• Definition: To flow or discharge in large quantities.

• Sample Sentence: "If the container is damaged, the liquid may pour out, causing a safety hazard."

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28. Pool (of sth) (n):

• Definition: A collection or accumulation of a substance.

• Sample Sentence: "After the rain, a pool of water formed around the drain, indicating poor drainage."

29. Loose/Work Loose/Loosen Up (v):

• Definition: To become less firmly fixed or tight.

• Sample Sentence: "Check if any bolts have worked loose to ensure the stability of the structure."

Read the the text below and mark the sentences as True or False (B1 level):

The Challenges of Endurance Car Racing

In the exciting world of endurance car racing, engineers face numerous challenges to ensure the reliability and endurance of both the vehicles and their components. The saying "It's not a sprint, it's a marathon" holds true in these races, where cars endure long hours on the track, pushing the limits of technology and engineering.

During the test sessions leading up to an endurance car race, engineers meticulously examine every aspect of the vehicle to guarantee its reliability. The chassis, a crucial component that forms the car's framework, must endure the stress and strain of high-speed racing. It's a common old saying in the racing world that a sturdy chassis is the foundation of a successful endurance car.

The gearbox and clutch play vital roles in the endurance of a racing car. These components endure rapid shifts and engage-disengage cycles during the race, demanding robust design and careful maintenance. The suspension system, responsible for handling the bends and twists of the race circuit, undergoes extensive testing to ensure it can endure the continuous shocks and vibrations.

Coolant, essential for regulating engine temperature, prevents the engine from overheating during the demanding race conditions. Engineers carefully monitor the circuit, not only in terms of electricity flow but also the intricate racing circuit where drivers endure various challenges such as tight turns and straightaways.

However, challenges can arise during a race. A sudden jam in the gearbox or a snap in the suspension can jeopardize the reliability of the entire vehicle. If a component works loose or starts to loosen up, it may affect the car's performance and, in some cases, lead to a dangerous situation on the track.

In extreme cases, a racing car might experience a blow-up due to engine stress or a crack in a critical component. It's not uncommon for coolant to pour out, causing a pool of liquid on the track. Such situations require immediate attention from the racing team to prevent further damage.

Engineers must also be wary of potential issues that can clog up systems. The accumulation of debris or dirt may cause the radiators clog up, leading to a decrease in performance. Another issue they need to monitor continuously is leaks that may cause the car run out of its vital fluids. If a car runs out of fuel during the race, for example, it can result in an unexpected cut out, requiring quick thinking from the racing team.

One fascinating feature of endurance racing cars is the side pod, which often houses important elements like radiators. These pods endure extreme conditions, ensuring that the car's temperature remains within optimal ranges.

In conclusion, endurance car racing is a true test of engineering endurance. Engineers must design and maintain vehicles that can endure the wear and tear of prolonged races, while also addressing unexpected challenges like jams, snaps, and leaks. With careful testing, reliability becomes the cornerstone of success in the thrilling world of endurance car racing.

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Mark the statements as True or False according to the text.

1. The world of endurance car racing presents engineers with numerous challenges to ensure the durability of both vehicles and their components. …..

2. Contrary to popular belief, endurance car racing is more of a sprint than a marathon. …..

3. Engineers thoroughly inspect every aspect of a vehicle in the lead-up to an endurance car race to ensure its dependability. …..

4. According to a common racing saying, a robust chassis is fundamental for the success of an endurance car. …..

5. The endurance of a racing car depends significantly on the roles played by the gearbox and clutch, enduring rapid shifts and engage-disengage cycles during races. …..

6. The suspension system, responsible for navigating bends and twists in the race circuit, undergoes minimal testing for endurance. …..

7. Coolant plays a crucial role in maintaining the engine's temperature and preventing overheating during challenging race conditions. …..

8. Contrary to belief, challenges during a race, like a sudden jam in the gearbox or a snap in the suspension, rarely lead to dangerous situations on the track. …..

9. A snap in the suspension during a race cannot compromise the overall reliability of the vehicle. …..

10. The accumulation of debris or dirt in radiators does not pose a risk of decreasing the car's performance during an endurance race. …..

Answer key: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. F

Read the text below and answer the questions (B2 level):

The Robotic Arms Revolution in Engineering Assembly Lines

In the fast-paced world of engineering assembly lines, robotic arms have become indispensable components, playing a pivotal role in ensuring the efficiency and precision of manufacturing processes. These sophisticated machines undergo rigorous testing sessions to guarantee their endurance and reliability in the face of demanding industrial tasks.

During a test session, engineers meticulously examine every aspect of the robotic arm, subjecting it to various challenges to assess its endurance. This testing phase is crucial to identify potential issues and vulnerabilities, ensuring that the robotic arm can endure the wear and tear of continuous operation on the assembly line.

The chassis of the robotic arm, akin to the backbone of a human body, must endure the stress and strain of repetitive movements. Engineers understand that a sturdy chassis is fundamental to the robotic arm's longevity and overall performance.

The gearbox and suspension system of the robotic arm play vital roles in enduring the rapid movements and precise adjustments required for assembly line tasks. These components are carefully designed and tested to withstand the constant wear and tear inherent in their operational cycles.

Coolant, a key element for regulating temperature, prevents the robotic arm from overheating during prolonged working hours. Engineers not only monitor the electrical circuit ensuring proper energy flow but also the intricate circuitry within the robotic arm itself.

However, challenges can arise during the operation of robotic arms. A sudden jam in the gearbox or a snap in a crucial component can jeopardize the reliability of the entire system. Engineers work diligently to address issues like cracks that may develop over time, potentially leading to a catastrophic failure if not detected and rectified promptly. In extreme cases, a robotic arm might experience a blow-up due to excessive stress or a critical component failure. This can result in coolant pouring out, creating a pool of liquid on the assembly line. Continuous monitoring is essential to

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detect and address leaks that may lead to vital fluids running out, causing the robotic arm to cut out unexpectedly. Engineers also need to be vigilant about potential issues that can clog up systems. The accumulation of debris may cause the robotic arm's components to wear out or malfunction. Such situations demand immediate attention to prevent further damage and maintain the overall reliability of the manufacturing process.

In conclusion, the integration of robotic arms in engineering assembly lines represents a technological leap forward. Through rigorous testing and attention to reliability, these machines endure the challenges posed by wear and tear, ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of modern manufacturing processes.

1. What is the primary role of robotic arms in engineering assembly lines?

a) Monitoring energy flow b) Ensuring endurance and reliability in manufacturing processes

c) Preventing coolant overheating d) Conducting test sessions for other components

2. What is the function of the chassis in a robotic arm?

a) Regulating temperature b) Serving as the backbone for the arm

c) Ensuring efficient energy flow d) Monitoring the electrical circuit

3. Why is a sturdy chassis considered fundamental for a robotic arm?

a) To prevent coolant leaks b) To endure the stress and strain of repetitive movements

c) To conduct test sessions d) To regulate temperature on the assembly line

4. What components of the robotic arm play vital roles in enduring rapid movements on the assembly line?

a) Gearbox and suspension system b) Coolant and circuitry

c) Chassis and electrical circuit d) Debris and leaks

5. What is the purpose of coolant in the robotic arm?

a) To create a pool of liquid b) To regulate engine temperature

c) To prevent wear and tear d) To endure the stress and strain of movements

6. What challenges can arise during the operation of robotic arms?

a) Prolonged working hours b) Rapid movements

c) Sudden jams or component snaps d) Proper energy flow

7. In extreme cases, what can happen if a robotic arm experiences a blow-up?

a) Debris accumulation b) Rapid adjustments

c) Coolant pouring out d) Successful manufacturing processes

8. Why is continuous monitoring essential for robotic arms?

a) To regulate engine temperature b) To endure wear and tear

c) To detect and address potential issues d) To conduct test sessions for reliability

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Answers and explanations

1. What is the primary role of robotic arms in engineering assembly lines?

• Correct Answer: b) Ensuring endurance and reliability in manufacturing processes

• Explanation: The text mentions that robotic arms play a pivotal role in ensuring the efficiency and precision of manufacturing processes by undergoing testing sessions to guarantee their endurance and reliability.

2. What is the function of the chassis in a robotic arm?

• Correct Answer: b) Serving as the backbone for the arm

• Explanation: The text compares the chassis of a robotic arm to the backbone of a human body, emphasizing its role in enduring the stress and strain of repetitive movements.

3. Why is a sturdy chassis considered fundamental for a robotic arm?

• Correct Answer: b) To endure the stress and strain of repetitive movements

• Explanation: The text states that a sturdy chassis is fundamental for the robotic arm's longevity and overall performance, highlighting its role in enduring stress and strain.

4. What components of the robotic arm play vital roles in enduring rapid movements on the assembly line?

• Correct Answer: a) Gearbox and suspension system

• Explanation: The text mentions that the gearbox and suspension system play vital roles in enduring the rapid movements and precise adjustments required for assembly line tasks.

5. What is the purpose of coolant in the robotic arm?

• Correct Answer: b) To regulate engine temperature

• Explanation: The text indicates that coolant is a key element for regulating the temperature of the robotic arm, preventing it from overheating during prolonged working hours.

6. What challenges can arise during the operation of robotic arms?

• Correct Answer: c) Sudden jams or component snaps

• Explanation: The text mentions challenges such as a sudden jam in the gearbox or a snap in a crucial component that can jeopardize the reliability of the robotic arm.

7. In extreme cases, what can happen if a robotic arm experiences a blow-up?

• Correct Answer: c) Coolant pouring out

• Explanation: The text states that in extreme cases, a blow-up of the robotic arm can result in coolant pouring out, creating a pool of liquid on the assembly line.

8. Why is continuous monitoring essential for robotic arms?

• Correct Answer: c) To detect and address potential issues

• Explanation: The text highlights the importance of continuous monitoring to detect and address potential issues, including clogs, leaks, and other challenges that may arise during the operation of robotic arms.

Revision Exercises For Leng 101 Freshman English (14) (Pg:34-35)

 

Unit 4 – Engineering design

Vocabulary pp.34-35 – Describing design phases and procedures

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Design Phase (n): The stage in a project where plans and ideas are developed.

• Sample Sentence: During the design phase, engineers sketch and discuss their ideas before moving on to detailed plans.

2. Design Procedure (n): The step-by-step process followed to create a plan or product.

• Sample Sentence: The design procedure involves brainstorming, drawing, and refining ideas until a final plan is achieved.

3. Artificial (adj): Made by humans; not natural.

• Sample Sentence: The turf on the soccer field is artificial, not real grass.

4. Circulate (v): To move around or pass from person to person.

• Sample Sentence: The team circulated ideas to gather feedback before finalizing the project plan.

5. Specialist (n): An expert in a particular field or subject.

• Sample Sentence: We consulted a computer specialist to help with the technical aspects of the project.

6. Contractor (n): A person or company that is hired to perform work or provide services.

• Sample Sentence: The contractor will be responsible for building the new bridge according to the engineering plans.

7. Incorporate (v): To include or integrate something into a larger whole.

• Sample Sentence: The team decided to incorporate sustainable materials into the design to make it more eco-friendly.

8. Approve (v): To officially agree to or accept a plan or idea.

• Sample Sentence: The committee will approve the budget once all necessary changes have been made.

9. Approval (n): The act of officially agreeing to or accepting something.

• Sample Sentence: The project cannot proceed without the manager's approval.

10. Hard Copy (n): A physical, printed version of a document.

• Sample Sentence: Please submit both a digital and a hard copy of your report to the supervisor.

11. Fabrication (n): The process of creating a product or structure from raw materials.

• Sample Sentence: The fabrication of the prototype involved cutting, shaping, and assembling various components.

12. Submit (v): To present or hand in a document, proposal, or assignment for review.

• Sample Sentence: Students are required to submit their essays by the end of the week.

13. Overall Layout (n): The general arrangement or organization of a design.

• Sample Sentence: The overall layout of the building includes offices on the upper floors and a lobby on the ground floor.

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14. Initial Ideas (n): The first thoughts or concepts in the early stages of planning.

• Sample Sentence: Before diving into the project, the team discussed their initial ideas to ensure everyone was on the same page.

15. Approximate Dimensions (n): Estimated measurements or size.

• Sample Sentence: Provide the approximate dimensions of the structure before we finalize the blueprints.

16. Outline (v): To give a brief description or overview of a plan or idea.

• Sample Sentence: The manager outlined the project goals and expected outcomes during the team meeting.

17. Kick-off (n): The beginning or start of a project.

• Sample Sentence: The kick-off meeting is scheduled for next Monday to discuss the project's objectives and timeline.

18. Clarify (v): To make something clear or understandable.

• Sample Sentence: If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask and clarify any uncertainties.

19. Formulate (v): To create or develop a plan or strategy.

• Sample Sentence: The team needs to formulate a solution to address the technical challenges in the project.

20. Query (n): A question or inquiry seeking information.

• Sample Sentence: Submit your queries in writing, and we will address them during the Q&A session.

21. Revise (v): To make changes or corrections to a document or plan.

• Sample Sentence: After receiving feedback, the team will revise the design to meet the project requirements.

22. Encounter (v): To come across or experience something, often unexpectedly.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers may encounter unexpected challenges during the construction phase that require quick solutions.

23. Amend (v): To make minor changes or modifications to a document or plan.

• Sample Sentence: Please review and amend any errors in the report before final submission.

24. Amendment (n): A change or addition made to a document or plan.

• Sample Sentence: The committee discussed and approved the proposed amendments to the project timeline.

25. Issue (v): To present or distribute officially, such as documents or instructions.

• Sample Sentence: The company will issue a new set of guidelines for workplace safety.

26. Issue (n): A matter or topic of concern.

• Sample Sentence: The team discussed the critical issues affecting the progress of the project.

27. Supersede (v): To replace or take the place of something.

• Sample Sentence: The updated version of the software will supersede the previous one with enhanced features.

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28. Design Interface (n): The point of interaction between different components or systems in a design.

• Sample Sentence: Engineers must ensure a smooth design interface between the software and hardware components.

29. Flow Procedure (n): The step-by-step sequence of tasks in a process.

• Sample Sentence: Understanding the flow procedure is crucial for efficient operation in a manufacturing environment.

DESIGN PHASES

1. The Design Brief:

• Definition: A document that outlines the goals, requirements, and constraints of a design project. It serves as a guide for the design team, providing essential information to ensure the project aligns with the client's expectations.

2. Rough Sketches:

• Definition: Quick and informal drawings that capture initial ideas and concepts. Rough sketches help designers visualize possibilities before moving on to more detailed plans.

3. Preliminary Drawings:

• Definition: More refined drawings that follow the initial sketches. Preliminary drawings start to incorporate specific details and may include basic dimensions and features.

4. Working Drawings:

• Definition: Detailed and comprehensive drawings that provide the information needed for construction or implementation. Working drawings include precise measurements, materials, and technical specifications.

5. Amended/Revised Drawings:

• Definition: Drawings that have undergone changes or modifications in response to feedback, errors, or alterations in project requirements. Amended or revised drawings reflect the updated design.

These design phases collectively form a structured process, ensuring a systematic and thorough approach to the development of a project.

Sample Project: Designing a Community Park

1. The Design Brief:

• The city government has requested the creation of a new community park in a specific neighborhood. The design brief outlines the goals, including providing recreational spaces, incorporating sustainable features, and adhering to a specified budget. Key requirements include a playground, walking paths, and green areas.

2. Rough Sketches:

• The design team begins with rough sketches to explore different layouts for the park. Initial ideas include variations in the placement of the playground, pathways, and seating areas. These sketches are presented to the stakeholders for initial feedback.

3. Preliminary Drawings:

• Based on the feedback received, the team develops preliminary drawings that refine the chosen concept. These drawings start to include specific details, such as the dimensions of the playground equipment, suggested plantings, and the proposed locations of benches and picnic areas.

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4. Working Drawings:

• With the approved preliminary drawings, the team creates detailed working drawings. These drawings specify precise measurements for all elements of the park, including the exact placement of each play structure, the type of materials to be used, and the specifications for the walking paths. These drawings serve as the blueprint for construction.

5. Amended/Revised Drawings:

• Following a review by the city's landscape committee, some adjustments are requested. These might include changes to the types of plants selected for landscaping or minor alterations to the pathway layout. The designer makes the necessary amendments, and revised drawings are submitted for final approval.

This phased approach ensures that each stage of the design process is carefully considered and refined. The project moves from conceptualization in the design brief through exploration in rough sketches to detailed planning in preliminary and working drawings. The flexibility to amend or revise drawings allows for feedback to be incorporated, resulting in a final design that meets both the client's expectations and the practical requirements of the project.

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

"Greenovation Tower: A Sustainable Smart Building"

In the bustling heart of the city, a groundbreaking project is underway – the design and construction of Greenovation Tower, an environmentally friendly smart building that aims to revolutionize urban living.

Design Phase and Design Procedure: Greenovation Tower's journey began with an extensive design phase, where architects and engineers collaborated to outline the building's features. The design procedure involved brainstorming sessions to ensure the integration of eco-friendly technologies and smart systems.

Initial Ideas and Circulation: During the kick-off meeting, the design team circulated their initial ideas for a building that blends artificial intelligence with sustainable architecture. The specialists proposed incorporating green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient systems to minimize environmental impact.

Overall Layout and Approximate Dimensions: The overall layout of Greenovation Tower maximizes natural light and ventilation. Preliminary drawings were created, considering approximate dimensions to optimize space for eco-friendly features such as recycling stations and energy-efficient elevators.

Working with Contractors and Fabrication: To bring the vision to life, a contractor with expertise in sustainable construction was chosen. Fabrication involved using recycled and locally sourced materials, aligning with the commitment to reduce the building's carbon footprint.

Design Interface and Flow Procedure: Smart technology is seamlessly integrated into the design interface, allowing residents to control lighting, heating, and cooling systems with a user-friendly app. The flow procedure ensures efficient energy use and promotes a comfortable living environment.

Submission and Approval: Once the working drawings were complete, the plans were submitted for approval. The city's architectural review board carefully examined the proposal, ensuring it adhered to environmental standards. After some clarifications and minor amendments, the approval was granted.

Encountering Challenges and Revisions: During the construction phase, the team encountered challenges related to unforeseen weather conditions. They had to revise certain aspects of the construction timeline and amend the plans to accommodate these challenges without compromising the building's sustainability goals.

Superseding Technology and Amendments: Greenovation Tower aims to be future-proof by allowing for the superseding of technology. Smart systems and eco-friendly features can be easily upgraded as new advancements emerge, ensuring the building remains at the forefront of sustainability.

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Issuing the Final Structure: Upon completion, the team issued the final structure – a state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly smart building. The hard copy of the building's blueprints, showcasing its sustainable features, was distributed to the public.

In conclusion, Greenovation Tower stands as a testament to the successful collaboration of specialists, contractors, and the community in formulating a sustainable and smart living space. Through a meticulous design procedure, approval processes, and revisions, this building exemplifies the possibilities of creating a harmonious balance between technology and environmental consciousness.

1. What is the main focus of Greenovation Tower's design?

• A) Maximizing profits B) Incorporating artificial intelligence

• C) Using traditional construction materials D) Reducing environmental impact

2. What was the purpose of the kick-off meeting mentioned in the text?

• A) Approving the final structure B) Circulating initial ideas

• C) Issuing the final blueprints D) Encountering construction challenges

3. Which sustainable feature is NOT mentioned in the text as part of Greenovation Tower's design?

• A) Green roofs B) Energy-efficient elevators

• C) Centralized heating D) Solar panels

4. What role did the city's architectural review board play in the project?

• A) They ensured compliance with environmental standards

• B) They encountered construction challenges

• C) They submitted the plans for approval

• D) They issued the final structure

5. What does the text mention as a factor contributing to the building's future-proof design?

• A) Regular amendments to the plans

• B) Resistance to technological advancements

• C) Difficulty in upgrading smart systems

• D) Ease of superseding technology

6. What did the team encounter during the construction phase of Greenovation Tower?

• A) Circulation of initial ideas

• B) Challenges related to weather conditions

• C) Approval from the architectural review board

• D) Incorporation of artificial intelligence

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Answers and explanations:

1. What is the main focus of Greenovation Tower's design?

• Answer: D) Reducing environmental impact

• Explanation: The text mentions that Greenovation Tower aims to blend artificial intelligence with sustainable architecture, focusing on features like green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient systems to minimize environmental impact.

2. What was the purpose of the kick-off meeting mentioned in the text?

• Answer: B) Circulating initial ideas

• Explanation: The kick-off meeting is mentioned as a point where the design team circulated their initial ideas for a building that combines artificial intelligence with sustainable architecture.

3. Which sustainable feature is NOT mentioned in the text as part of Greenovation Tower's design?

• Answer: C) Centralized heating

• Explanation: The text does not specifically mention centralized heating as one of the sustainable features of Greenovation Tower.

4. What role did the city's architectural review board play in the project?

• Answer: A) They ensured compliance with environmental standards

• Explanation: The architectural review board carefully examined the proposal to ensure it adhered to environmental standards before granting approval.

5. What does the text mention as a factor contributing to the building's future-proof design?

• Answer: D) Ease of superseding technology

• Explanation: The text states that Greenovation Tower allows for the superseding of technology, ensuring that smart systems and eco-friendly features can be easily upgraded as new advancements emerge.

6. What did the team encounter during the construction phase of Greenovation Tower?

• Answer: B) Challenges related to weather conditions

• Explanation: The text mentions that during the construction phase, the team encountered challenges related to unforeseen weather conditions, leading to revisions in the construction timeline.

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Read the text below and put the paragraphs in the correct order (B1 level):

The SmartHarvest 3000: Revolutionizing Agricultural Automation

The SmartHarvest 3000 is an advanced agricultural machine designed to revolutionize the harvesting process. This innovative smart machine incorporates cutting-edge technologies to enhance efficiency and sustainability in agriculture. Equipped with precision sensors and artificial intelligence, the SmartHarvest 3000 autonomously navigates fields, identifying ripe crops and optimizing harvesting techniques.

1. …….

2. …….

3. …….

4. …….

5. …….

In conclusion, the design journey of the SmartHarvest 3000 demonstrates the iterative nature of creating a smart machine. From the initial design brief to the amended drawings, each phase played a vital role in shaping an advanced agricultural solution that aligns with the evolving demands of modern farming practices.

PARAGRAPHS:

A. With the chosen rough sketch in mind, the design team progressed to preliminary drawings, adding more detail and specificity to the SmartHarvest 3000's design. These drawings incorporated approximate dimensions, outlining the size and proportions of the machine. The team also began to consider the integration of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence for real-time data analysis and decision-making during the harvesting process.

B. During the testing phase, the SmartHarvest 3000 encountered real-world challenges that necessitated adjustments. Amended drawings were created to reflect these modifications, addressing issues related to the machine's performance and adaptability in different agricultural environments. The amendments were crucial in fine-tuning the SmartHarvest 3000, ensuring it met the needs of farmers effectively and efficiently.

C. The inception of the SmartHarvest 3000 began with a comprehensive design brief that outlined the need for an innovative, efficient, and environmentally friendly smart machine to revolutionize agricultural processes. The design brief detailed requirements such as increased harvesting speed, reduced resource usage, and compatibility with various crop types. The primary goal was to address the challenges faced by modern farmers and enhance overall productivity while minimizing environmental impact.

D. As the design matured, the focus shifted to creating working drawings that served as a blueprint for the actual construction of the SmartHarvest 3000. These detailed drawings specified the precise measurements of each component, the materials to be used, and the assembly process. The working drawings were instrumental in guiding the engineers and manufacturers through the fabrication of the machine, ensuring that the final product matched the envisioned smart agricultural solution.

E. In the initial phase of development, engineers and designers engaged in creating rough sketches to visualize the SmartHarvest 3000's basic structure and key components. These sketches explored different configurations, considering factors like size, mobility, and the arrangement of sensors and harvesting mechanisms. The rough sketches allowed the team to quickly iterate through various design possibilities before settling on a concept that aligned with the outlined goals from the design brief.

Answer key: 1. C 2. E 3. A 4. D 5. B

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Vocabulary exercises

1. Match the words with their synonyms.

a. clarify b. incorporate c. supersede d. approximate e. circulate f. revise

Synonyms: 1. update ………… 2. amend …………. 3. include ………… 4. rough ………….. 5. issue …………….

2. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the correct words,

1. The manager decided to ___________ the proposal to all team members for feedback before the final decision.

2. The architect aimed to ___________ sustainable materials into the construction design for the eco-friendly building.

3. Can you please ___________ the main points of the presentation to ensure everyone understands the key concepts?

4. After receiving constructive feedback, the writer decided to ___________ the draft to improve its clarity and coherence.

5. The new software will ___________ the outdated version, providing enhanced features and improved performance.

6. The engineer provided ___________ dimensions for the construction team, allowing for flexibility during the planning phase.

Answer key 1 : 1. c 2. g 3. b 4. d 5. e

Answer key 2 : 1. e 2. b 3. a 4. f 5. c 6.