LENG 101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH I EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 4.Pgs:36-37))-16

 

LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 4 – Engineering design

Vocabulary pp.36-37 – Resolving design problems

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Make up a design (v) Definition: To create or form a plan for a structure or system. 

Sample sentence: Engineers make up a design before constructing a new bridge. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir yapı veya sistem için plan oluşturmak veya tasarlamak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, yeni bir köprü inşa etmeden önce bir tasarım yapar.

2. Arise (v) Definition: To come into existence or occur. 

Sample sentence: Unexpected issues can arise during the construction phase. Turkish Translation of Definition: Ortaya çıkmak veya meydana gelmek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: İnşaat aşamasında beklenmedik sorunlar ortaya çıkabilir.

3. Properly (adv) Definition: In the correct or appropriate manner. 

Sample sentence: It's crucial to follow safety guidelines properly in the laboratory. Turkish Translation of Definition: Doğru veya uygun bir şekilde. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Laboratuvarda güvenlik kurallarına uygun bir şekilde uymak çok önemlidir.

4. Coordinate (v) Definition: To organize and synchronize different components or activities. 

Sample sentence: The team must coordinate their efforts to ensure a smooth project. Turkish Translation of Definition: Farklı bileşenleri veya faaliyetleri organize etmek ve uyumlu hale getirmek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Ekip, sorunsuz bir proje için çabalarını koordine etmelidir.

5. Correspondence (n) Definition: Communication by exchanging letters or emails.

 Sample sentence: Engineers use email for professional correspondence. Turkish Translation of Definition: Mektup veya e-posta yoluyla iletişim. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, profesyonel yazışmalar için e-posta kullanır.

6. Correspond (with) (v) Definition: To communicate or match with something. 

Sample sentence: The specifications should correspond with the client's requirements. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir şeyle uyumlu olmak veya iletişimde bulunmak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Teknik özellikler, müşterinin gereksinimleriyle uyumlu olmalıdır.

7. Query (n) Definition: A question or inquiry. 

Sample sentence: If you have any queries, please ask during the Q&A session. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir soru veya bilgi talebi. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Sorularınız varsa, lütfen soru-cevap oturumunda sorun.

8. Query (v) Definition: To ask a question or seek information. 

Sample sentence: Feel free to query any uncertainties in the project. Turkish Translation of Definition: Soru sormak veya bilgi talep etmek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Projedeki belirsizlikleri sormaktan çekinmeyin.

9. Instruction (n) Definition: A direction or order on how to do something. 

Sample sentence: The manual provides clear instructions for operating the machinery. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir şeyin nasıl yapılacağına dair talimat veya yönerge. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Kılavuz, makinelerin kullanımı için net talimatlar sağlar.

10. Instruct (v) Definition: To give orders or directions. 

Sample sentence: The supervisor will instruct the team on the new safety protocols. Turkish Translation of Definition: Emir veya talimat vermek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Denetçi, ekibe yeni güvenlik protokolleri hakkında talimat verecek.

11. Discrepancy (n) Definition: A difference or inconsistency. 

Sample sentence: The engineers need to investigate the discrepancy in the test results. Turkish Translation of Definition: Farklılık veya tutarsızlık. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, test sonuçlarındaki tutarsızlığı araştırmalıdır.

12. Indicate (v) Definition: To show or point out. Sample sentence: The arrow indicates the direction of assembly. Turkish Translation of Definition: Göstermek veya işaret etmek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Ok, montaj yönünü gösterir.

13. Conflict (n) Definition: A disagreement or opposition. Sample sentence: Engineers should resolve conflicts in project plans. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir anlaşmazlık veya karşıtlık. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, proje planlarındaki anlaşmazlıkları çözmelidir.

14. Conflict (v) Definition: To be incompatible or contradictory. Sample sentence: The proposed changes conflict with the existing design. Turkish Translation of Definition: Uyumsuz veya çelişkili olmak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Önerilen değişiklikler mevcut tasarımla çelişiyor.

15. Conflicting (adj) Definition: Incompatible or contradictory. 

Sample sentence: The two sets of instructions are conflicting. Turkish Translation of Definition: Uyumsuz veya çelişkili. Turkish Translation of Sentence: İki talimat seti birbiriyle çelişiyor.

16. Disregard (v) Definition: To ignore or pay no attention to. 

Sample sentence: Do not disregard safety warnings in the workplace.

Turkish Translation of Definition: Göz ardı etmek veya dikkate almamak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: İş yerindeki güvenlik uyarılarını göz ardı etmeyin.

17. Clash (v) Definition: To collide or to be in each other’s way.

 Sample sentence: The pipes clashed with the electrical conduit, making them impossible to install together. Turkish Translation of Definition: Çarpışmak veya birbirine engel olmak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Borular, elektrik kanalıyla çarpıştı ve birlikte kurulumunu imkansız hale getirdi.

18. Clash (n) Definition: A collision or conflict. 

Sample sentence: The clash between the load-bearing wall and the planned elevator shaft forced a structural re-evaluation. Turkish Translation of Definition: Çarpışma veya çatışma. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Taşıyıcı duvar ile planlanan asansör boşluğu arasındaki çatışma, yapısal bir yeniden değerlendirmeyi zorunlu kıldı.

19. Proposed (adj) Definition: Suggested or planned. 

Sample sentence: The proposed design changes aim to improve efficiency. Turkish Translation of Definition: Önerilen veya planlanan. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Önerilen tasarım değişiklikleri, verimliliği artırmayı hedefliyor.

20. As per Definition: According to or in accordance with. 

Sample sentence: The project should be completed as per the client's specifications. Turkish Translation of Definition: -e göre veya -e uygun olarak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Proje, müşterinin teknik şartnamelerine uygun olarak tamamlanmalıdır.

21. Ceiling (n) Definition: The upper interior surface of a room. Sample sentence: Engineers need to consider the ceiling height when designing the lighting system. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir odanın üst iç yüzeyi. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, aydınlatma sistemini tasarlarken tavan yüksekliğini dikkate almalıdır.

22. Void (n) Definition: An empty or unfilled space. 

Sample sentence: The architect left a void in the design for future expansion. Turkish Translation of Definition: Boş veya doldurulmamış bir alan. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mimar, gelecekteki genişleme için tasarımda bir boşluk bıraktı.

23. Advise (v) Definition: To offer suggestions or recommendations. 

Sample sentence: The engineer will advise the client on the best materials for the project. Turkish Translation of Definition: Öneriler veya tavsiyeler sunmak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendis, proje için en iyi malzemeler konusunda müşteriye tavsiyede bulunacak.

24. Fixing (n) Definition: The act of fastening or securing something in place.

 Sample sentence: The fixing of the components should be done carefully to avoid structural issues. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir şeyi yerine sabitleme veya güvence altına alma eylemi. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Parçaların sabitlenmesi, yapısal sorunları önlemek için dikkatli bir şekilde yapılmalıdır.

25. Spec (n) Definition: Specifications or detailed requirements. 

Sample sentence: Engineers should review the project spec before starting construction. Turkish Translation of Definition: Teknik özellikler veya ayrıntılı gereksinimler. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, inşaata başlamadan önce proje teknik şartnamesini incelemelidir.

26. Facilitate (v) Definition: To make a process or action easier. 

Sample sentence: The new software will facilitate data analysis in engineering projects. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir süreci veya eylemi daha kolay hale getirmek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Yeni yazılım, mühendislik projelerinde veri analizini kolaylaştıracak.

27. Straight away (adv) Definition: Immediately or without delay. 

Sample sentence: If you encounter a problem, report it straight away to the project manager. Turkish Translation of Definition: Derhal veya gecikmeden. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Bir sorunla karşılaşırsanız, derhal proje yöneticisine bildirin.

28. A row of sth (n) Definition: An arrangement of objects in a line. 

Sample sentence: The blueprint includes a row of solar panels on the roof. Turkish Translation of Definition: Bir dizi nesnenin bir sıra halinde düzenlenmesi. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Plan, çatıdaki bir dizi güneş panelini içeriyor.

29. Run along (v) Definition: To extend or follow a path. 

Sample sentence: The wiring needs to run along the designated conduit for safety. Turkish Translation of Definition: Uzatmak veya bir yolu takip etmek. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Kabloların güvenlik için belirlenen kanaldan geçmesi gerekiyor.

30. Redesign (v) Definition: To alter or make changes to an existing design. 

Sample sentence: Engineers may need to redesign the circuit for better performance. Turkish Translation of Definition: Mevcut bir tasarımı değiştirmek veya üzerinde değişiklik yapmak. Turkish Translation of Sentence: Mühendisler, daha iyi performans için devreyi yeniden tasarlamak zorunda kalabilir.

Read the the e-mail below and mark the sentences as True or False (B1 level):

Urgent Discrepancy - Main Staircase Beam Installation

Dear [Contractor Name],

I'm writing to you today regarding a concerning discrepancy we've identified between the approved design plans and the current installation of the main staircase beam.

As per the structural engineering specifications (Rev. 4, Section 5.2.1), the beam should be a solid I-beam profile, 300mm x 100mm, fabricated from high-strength steel (grade 450). However, upon inspection this morning, we discovered that you've installed a hollow box beam with dimensions of 250mm x 150mm, made from standard mild steel.

This discrepancy raises several critical issues:

1.Structural integrity: The substituted beam may not possess the necessary strength and rigidity to support the anticipated load of the staircase, potentially compromising the building's safety.

2.Fire safety: The standard mild steel might not offer the same level of fire resistance as the specified high-strength steel, potentially jeopardizing the building's fire safety protocols.

3.Code compliance: Deviating from the approved plans without prior consultation puts us at risk of non-compliance with building codes and regulations, potentially leading to costly delays and rework.

We understand that unforeseen circumstances can arise on-site, but this deviation is significant and requires immediate attention. We kindly request that you:

1.Cease installation: Please halt any further work on the main staircase beam until we can discuss and rectify this situation.

2.Provide clarification: We need to understand the reasoning behind this substitution. Was it due to material shortage, a miscommunication, or another factor?

3.Propose solutions: Depending on the reason, we need to determine the best course of action. This could involve sourcing the correct beam, reinforcing the existing one, or exploring alternative solutions that meet the design requirements and safety standards.

We're available to meet on-site at your earliest convenience to discuss this further. Please let me know your preferred time and we'll be there.

Thank you for your cooperation in this urgent matter. We look forward to resolving this discrepancy swiftly and ensuring the project's continued success.

Sincerely,

[Your Name]

Design Team Lead

[Project Name]

Mark the statements as True or False according to the e-mail.

1. The contractor informed the design team about the beam change beforehand. …..

2. The design team specified a solid I-beam for the main staircase. …..

3. The contractor installed a hollow box beam instead. …..

4. The substituted beam is actually stronger than the specified one. ……

5. The substituted beam has different dimensions and material. …..

6. The design team approves of the alternative solution. …..

7. This discrepancy jeopardizes structural integrity, fire safety, and code compliance. …..

8. This is a minor issue that can be easily resolved. …..

9. The discrepancy is solely due to material shortage on-site. …..

10. The design team wants to understand the reason for the change. …..

Answer key: 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

Addressing Design Challenges in Machinery Development

In the realm of engineering, crafting a design for a new piece of machinery is a meticulous process. Engineers strive to make up a design that not only meets the specified requirements but also adheres to safety standards. Recently, a design issue has arisen in the development of an advanced machinery system, prompting the need for a comprehensive review.

To properly comprehend the intricacies of the problem, it is crucial to coordinate efforts among the design team. Effective coordination ensures that each team member understands their role in addressing the challenges. This coordination extends to correspondence with various stakeholders, including suppliers and clients, to gather valuable insights.

In the initial stages, a query arose regarding the discrepancy between the proposed design and the specifications outlined in the initial instruction manual. Engineers were quick to indicate potential areas of conflict, addressing conflicting elements that could hinder the machinery's optimal functionality. Conflicting opinions within the team led to a disagreement during the design review meeting, emphasizing the importance of clear communication.

Despite the disagreement, the team decided to disregard the minor disagreements and focus on finding a solution. It was proposed that a redesign of certain components might resolve the conflicting issues. The team agreed to proceed with the redesign as per the latest industry standards and best practices.

The redesign process involved advising team members on the necessary modifications. Each team member was instructed to carefully fix the identified issues, following the updated specifications provided in the engineering spec. The spec outlined the detailed requirements for the redesigned components, facilitating a smoother implementation process.

To facilitate the redesign, engineers worked straight away to address the challenges. The updated design now includes a row of enhanced features, indicating a marked improvement in the machinery's overall performance. This redesign not only resolved the initial conflict but also laid the foundation for a more efficient and reliable machinery system.

In conclusion, the journey from identifying a design problem to implementing a solution involves effective coordination, clear correspondence, and the ability to address conflicts. The team's commitment to redesigning the machinery as per the updated specifications showcases the resilience and problem-solving skills essential in the field of engineering.

1. What is the primary focus of the text?

a. Addressing conflicts in team communication

b. Exploring the history of machinery development

c. Discussing machinery design challenges in engineering

d. Reviewing safety standards in engineering

2. Why did the design issue arise in the machinery development process?

a. Lack of coordination within the design team          c. Conflicts with suppliers

b. Disregard for safety standards                                d. Inadequate instruction in the manual

3. What role does correspondence play in the text?

a. Coordinating efforts among team members           c. Redesigning machinery components

b. Gathering insights from stakeholders                    d. Resolving conflicts in team meetings

4. How did the team address the discrepancy in the proposed design?

a. Ignoring the issue and moving forward with the original plan    c. Redesigning certain components

b. Indicating potential areas of conflict                                   d.Seeking external consultants for advice

5. What led to a clash during the team meeting?

a. Issues with machinery specifications               c. Lack of coordination with suppliers

b. Disregard for safety warnings                          d. Conflicting opinions within the team

6. What was the proposed solution to resolve conflicting issues?

a. Disregard the disagreements and continue with the original design

b. Seek external advice from industry experts

c. Ignore the conflicts and focus on the positive aspects

7. How did the team proceed with the redesign process?

a. Delayed the process for further analysis         c. Continued with the initial design despite conflicts

b. Coordinated efforts to fix identified issues     d. Disregarded the need for a redesign

8. What does the text suggest about the redesigned machinery?

a. It coordinates poorly with the team's efforts.     c. It conflicts with industry regulations.

b. It disregards safety standards.                            d. It includes a row of enhanced features.

Answers and explanations:

1.Answer: c. Discussing machinery design challenges in engineering

•Explanation: The primary focus of the text is on addressing design challenges in the development of machinery in an engineering context.

2.Answer: a. Lack of coordination within the design team

•Explanation: The text mentions that effective coordination is crucial, and a design issue arose, emphasizing the importance of teamwork.

3.Answer: b. Gathering insights from stakeholders

•Explanation: Correspondence is mentioned in the context of coordinating with various stakeholders, including suppliers and clients, to gather valuable insights.

4.Answer: c. Redesigning certain components

•Explanation: The text states that a proposed solution to the discrepancy was the redesign of certain components to address conflicting issues.

5.Answer: d. Conflicting opinions within the team

•Explanation: The clash during the team meeting is attributed to conflicting opinions within the team regarding the design issues.

6.Answer: a. Disregard the disagreements and continue with the original design

•Explanation: The proposed solution was not to disregard conflicts but to redesign certain components as per updated specifications.

7.Answer: b. Coordinated efforts to fix identified issues

•Explanation: The team decided to proceed with the redesign and instructed team members to fix the identified issues, indicating a coordinated effort.

8.Answer: d. It includes a row of enhanced features.

•Explanation: The text mentions that the redesigned machinery now includes a row of enhanced features, indicating improvements in performance

LENG 101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH I EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 4.Pgs:34-35)-15

 

LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 4 – Engineerin design

Vocabulary pp.34-35 – Describing design phases and procedures

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Design Phase (n):

Definition: The stage in a project where plans and ideas are developed. Turkish: Bir projede planların ve fikirlerin geliştirildiği aşama. 

Sample Sentence: During the design phase, engineers sketch and discuss their ideas before moving on to detailed plans. Turkish Translation: Tasarım aşamasında mühendisler, ayrıntılı planlara geçmeden önce fikirlerini çizer ve tartışır.

2. Design Procedure (n):

Definition: The step-by-step process followed to create a plan or product. Turkish: Bir plan veya ürün oluşturmak için izlenen adım adım süreç. 

Sample Sentence: The design procedure involves brainstorming, drawing, and refining ideas until a final plan is achieved. Turkish Translation: Tasarım süreci, nihai bir plana ulaşılana kadar beyin fırtınası, çizim ve fikirlerin geliştirilmesini içerir.

3. Artificial (adj):

Definition: Made by humans; not natural. Turkish: İnsan yapımı; doğal olmayan.

 Sample Sentence: The artificial material used in the bridge construction is lighter and more durable than natural alternatives. Turkish Translation: Köprü inşaatında kullanılan yapay malzeme, doğal alternatiflerden daha hafif ve dayanıklıdır.

4. Circulate (v):

Definition: To move around or pass from person to person. Turkish: Bir yerden bir yere hareket etmek veya kişiden kişiye geçmek. 

Sample Sentence: The team circulated ideas to gather feedback before finalizing the project plan. Turkish Translation: Ekip, proje planını sonlandırmadan önce fikirlerini dolaştırarak geri bildirim topladı.

5. Specialist (n):

Definition: An expert in a particular field or subject. Turkish: Belirli bir alan veya konuda uzman kişi.

 Sample Sentence: We consulted a computer specialist to help with the technical aspects of the project. Turkish Translation: Projenin teknik yönlerine yardımcı olmak için bir bilgisayar uzmanına danıştık.

6. Contractor (n):

Definition: A person or company that is hired to perform work or provide services. Turkish: İş yapmak veya hizmet sağlamak için tutulan kişi veya şirket. 

Sample Sentence: The contractor will be responsible for building the new bridge according to the engineering plans. Turkish Translation: Yüklenici, mühendislik planlarına uygun olarak yeni köprüyü inşa etmekten sorumlu olacak.

7. Incorporate (v):

Definition: To include or integrate something into a larger whole. Turkish: Bir şeyi daha büyük bir bütüne dahil etmek veya entegre etmek. 

Sample Sentence: The team decided to incorporate sustainable materials into the design to make it more eco-friendly. Turkish Translation: Ekip, tasarımı daha çevre dostu hale getirmek için sürdürülebilir malzemeleri dahil etmeye karar verdi.

8. Approve (v):

Definition: To officially agree to or accept a plan or idea. Turkish: Bir plan veya fikri resmi olarak kabul etmek. 

Sample Sentence: The committee will approve the budget once all necessary changes have been made. Turkish Translation: Gerekli tüm değişiklikler yapıldıktan sonra komite bütçeyi onaylayacak.

9. Approval (n):

Definition: The act of officially agreeing to or accepting something. Turkish: Bir şeyi resmi olarak kabul etme eylemi. 

Sample Sentence: The project cannot proceed without the manager's approval. Turkish Translation: Proje, yöneticinin onayı olmadan ilerleyemez.

10. Hard Copy (n):

Definition: A physical, printed version of a document. Turkish: Bir belgenin fiziksel, basılı versiyonu.

 Sample Sentence: Please submit both a digital and a hard copy of your report to the supervisor. Turkish Translation: Lütfen raporunuzun hem dijital hem de basılı bir kopyasını süpervizöre teslim edin.

11. Fabrication (n):

Definition: The process of creating a product or structure from raw materials. Turkish: Hammaddelerden bir ürün veya yapı oluşturma süreci. 

Sample Sentence: The fabrication of the prototype involved cutting, shaping, and assembling various components. Turkish Translation: Prototipin üretimi, çeşitli bileşenlerin kesilmesi, şekillendirilmesi ve monte edilmesini içeriyordu.

12. Submit (v):

Definition: To present or hand in a document, proposal, or assignment for review. Turkish: Gözden geçirilmek üzere bir belge, teklif veya ödevi sunmak veya teslim etmek. 

Sample Sentence: Students are required to submit their essays by the end of the week. Turkish Translation: Öğrenciler, makalelerini haftanın sonuna kadar teslim etmek zorundadır.

13. Overall Layout (n):

Definition: The general arrangement or organization of a design. Turkish: Bir tasarımın genel düzenlemesi veya organizasyonu. 

Sample Sentence: The overall layout of the building includes offices on the upper floors and a lobby on the ground floor. Turkish Translation: Binanın genel düzeni, üst katlarda ofisler ve zemin katta bir lobi içerir.

14. Initial Ideas (n):

Definition: The first thoughts or concepts in the early stages of planning. Turkish: Planlamanın erken aşamalarındaki ilk düşünceler veya kavramlar. 

Sample Sentence: Before diving into the project, the team discussed their initial ideas to ensure everyone was on the same page. Turkish Translation: Projeye başlamadan önce ekip, herkesin aynı fikirde olduğundan emin olmak için ilk fikirlerini tartıştı.

15. Approximate Dimensions (n):

Definition: Estimated measurements or size. Turkish: Tahmini ölçüler veya boyutlar. 

Sample Sentence: Provide the approximate dimensions of the structure before we finalize the blueprints. Turkish Translation: Mavi baskıları sonlandırmadan önce yapının tahmini boyutlarını sağlayın.

16. Outline (v):

Definition: To give a brief description or overview of a plan or idea. Turkish: Bir plan veya fikrin kısa bir tanımını veya genel bir özetini vermek. 

Sample Sentence: The manager outlined the project goals and expected outcomes during the team meeting. Turkish Translation: Yönetici, ekip toplantısında proje hedeflerini ve beklenen sonuçları özetledi.

17. Kick-off (n):

Definition: The beginning or start of a project. Turkish: Bir projenin başlangıcı. 

Sample Sentence: The kick-off meeting is scheduled for next Monday to discuss the project's objectives and timeline. Turkish Translation: Proje hedeflerini ve zaman çizelgesini tartışmak için başlangıç toplantısı önümüzdeki Pazartesi günü planlandı.

18. Clarify (v):

Definition: To make something clear or understandable. Turkish: Bir şeyi netleştirmek veya anlaşılır hale getirmek. 

Sample Sentence: If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask and clarify any uncertainties. Turkish Translation: Eğer sorularınız varsa, sormaktan çekinmeyin ve belirsizlikleri netleştirin.

19. Formulate (v):

Definition: To create or develop a plan or strategy. Turkish: Bir plan veya strateji oluşturmak veya geliştirmek. 

Sample Sentence: The team needs to formulate a solution to address the technical challenges in the project. Turkish Translation: Ekip, projedeki teknik zorlukları ele almak için bir çözüm formüle etmelidir.

20. Query (n):

Definition: A question or inquiry seeking information. Turkish: Bilgi arayan bir soru veya sorgu. 

Sample Sentence: Submit your queries in writing, and we will address them during the Q&A session. Turkish Translation: Soru ve sorgularınızı yazılı olarak iletin, onları Soru-Cevap oturumunda ele alacağız.

21. Revise (v):

Definition: To make changes or corrections to a document or plan. Turkish: Bir belge veya plana değişiklik yapmak veya düzeltmeler eklemek. 

Sample Sentence: After receiving feedback, the team will revise the design to meet the project requirements. Turkish Translation: Geri bildirim aldıktan sonra ekip, tasarımı proje gereksinimlerini karşılayacak şekilde gözden geçirecek.

22. Encounter (v):

Definition: To come across or experience something, often unexpectedly. Turkish: Çoğu zaman beklenmedik bir şekilde bir şeyle karşılaşmak veya deneyimlemek. 

Sample Sentence: Engineers may encounter unexpected challenges during the construction phase that require quick solutions. Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, inşaat aşamasında hızlı çözümler gerektiren beklenmedik zorluklarla karşılaşabilirler.

23. Amend (v):

Definition: To make minor changes or modifications to a document or plan. Turkish: Bir belge veya plana küçük değişiklikler veya düzenlemeler yapmak. 

Sample Sentence: Please review and amend any errors in the report before final submission. Turkish Translation: Lütfen nihai teslimattan önce rapordaki hataları gözden geçirip düzeltin.

24. Amendment (n):

Definition: A change or addition made to a document or plan. Turkish: Bir belge veya plana yapılan değişiklik veya ekleme. 

Sample Sentence: The committee discussed and approved the proposed amendments to the project timeline. Turkish Translation: Komite, proje zaman çizelgesine önerilen değişiklikleri tartıştı ve onayladı.

25. Issue (v):

Definition: To present or distribute officially, such as documents or instructions. Turkish: Belgeler veya talimatlar gibi resmi olarak sunmak veya dağıtmak. 

Sample Sentence: The company will issue a new set of guidelines for workplace safety. Turkish Translation: Şirket, işyeri güvenliği için yeni bir kılavuz seti yayınlayacak.

26. Issue (n):

Definition: A matter or topic of concern. Turkish: Endişe duyulan bir konu veya mesele. 

Sample Sentence: The team discussed the critical issues affecting the progress of the project. Turkish Translation: Ekip, projenin ilerlemesini etkileyen kritik konuları tartıştı.

27. Supersede (v):

Definition: To replace or take the place of something. Turkish: Bir şeyin yerini almak veya yerine geçmek. 

Sample Sentence: The updated version of the software will supersede the previous one with enhanced features. Turkish Translation: Yazılımın güncellenmiş sürümü, geliştirilmiş özelliklerle önceki sürümün yerini alacak.

28. Design Interface (n):

Definition: The point of interaction between different components or systems in a design. Turkish: Bir tasarımdaki farklı bileşenler veya sistemler arasındaki etkileşim noktası. 

Sample Sentence: Engineers must ensure a smooth design interface between the software and hardware components. Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yazılım ve donanım bileşenleri arasında sorunsuz bir tasarım arayüzü sağlamak zorundadır.

29. Flow Procedure (n):

Definition: The step-by-step sequence of tasks in a process. Turkish: Bir süreçteki adım adım görevler dizisi. Sample Sentence: Understanding the flow procedure is crucial for efficient operation in a manufacturing environment. Turkish Translation: Akış prosedürünü anlamak, bir üretim ortamında verimli operasyon için çok önemlidir.

DESIGN PHASES

1.The Design Brief:

•Definition: A document that outlines the goals, requirements, and constraints of a design project. It serves as a guide for the design team, providing essential information to ensure the project aligns with the client's expectations.

2.Rough Sketches:

•Definition: Quick and informal drawings that capture initial ideas and concepts. Rough sketches help designers visualize possibilities before moving on to more detailed plans.

3.Preliminary Drawings:

•Definition: More refined drawings that follow the initial sketches. Preliminary drawings start to incorporate specific details and may include basic dimensions and features.

4.Working Drawings:

•Definition: Detailed and comprehensive drawings that provide the information needed for construction or implementation. Working drawings include precise measurements, materials, and technical specifications.

5.Amended/Revised Drawings:

•Definition: Drawings that have undergone changes or modifications in response to feedback, errors, or alterations in project requirements. Amended or revised drawings reflect the updated design.

These design phases collectively form a structured process, ensuring a systematic and thorough approach to the development of a project.

Sample Project: Designing a Community Park

1.The Design Brief:

•The city government has requested the creation of a new community park in a specific neighborhood. The design brief outlines the goals, including providing recreational spaces, incorporating sustainable features, and adhering to a specified budget. Key requirements include a playground, walking paths, and green areas.

2.Rough Sketches:

•The design team begins with rough sketches to explore different layouts for the park. Initial ideas include variations in the placement of the playground, pathways, and seating areas. These sketches are presented to the stakeholders for initial feedback.

3.Preliminary Drawings:

•Based on the feedback received, the team develops preliminary drawings that refine the chosen concept. These drawings start to include specific details, such as the dimensions of the playground equipment, suggested plantings, and the proposed locations of benches and picnic areas.

4.Working Drawings:

•With the approved preliminary drawings, the team creates detailed working drawings. These drawings specify precise measurements for all elements of the park, including the exact placement of each play structure, the type of materials to be used, and the specifications for the walking paths. These drawings serve as the blueprint for construction.

5.Amended/Revised Drawings:

•Following a review by the city's landscape committee, some adjustments are requested. These might include changes to the types of plants selected for landscaping or minor alterations to the pathway layout. The designer makes the necessary amendments, and revised drawings are submitted for final approval.

This phased approach ensures that each stage of the design process is carefully considered and refined. The project moves from conceptualization in the design brief through exploration in rough sketches to detailed planning in preliminary and working drawings. The flexibility to amend or revise drawings allows for feedback to be incorporated, resulting in a final design that meets both the client's expectations and the practical requirements of the project.

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

"Greenovation Tower: A Sustainable Smart Building"

In the bustling heart of the city, a groundbreaking project is underway – the design and construction of Greenovation Tower, an environmentally friendly smart building that aims to revolutionize urban living.

Design Phase and Design Procedure: Greenovation Tower's journey began with an extensive design phase, where architects and engineers collaborated to outline the building's features. The design procedure involved brainstorming sessions to ensure the integration of eco-friendly technologies and smart systems.

Initial Ideas and Circulation: During the kick-off meeting, the design team circulated their initial ideas for a building that blends artificial intelligence with sustainable architecture. The specialists proposed incorporating green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient systems to minimize environmental impact.

Overall Layout and Approximate Dimensions: The overall layout of Greenovation Tower maximizes natural light and ventilation. Preliminary drawings were created, considering approximate dimensions to optimize space for eco-friendly features such as recycling stations and energy-efficient elevators.

Working with Contractors and Fabrication: To bring the vision to life, a contractor with expertise in sustainable construction was chosen. Fabrication involved using recycled and locally sourced materials, aligning with the commitment to reduce the building's carbon footprint.

Design Interface and Flow Procedure: Smart technology is seamlessly integrated into the design interface, allowing residents to control lighting, heating, and cooling systems with a user-friendly app. The flow procedure ensures efficient energy use and promotes a comfortable living environment.

Submission and Approval: Once the working drawings were complete, the plans were submitted for approval. The city's architectural review board carefully examined the proposal, ensuring it adhered to environmental standards. After some clarifications and minor amendments, the approval was granted.

Encountering Challenges and Revisions: During the construction phase, the team encountered challenges related to unforeseen weather conditions. They had to revise certain aspects of the construction timeline and amend the plans to accommodate these challenges without compromising the building's sustainability goals.

Superseding Technology and Amendments: Greenovation Tower aims to be future-proof by allowing for the superseding of technology. Smart systems and eco-friendly features can be easily upgraded as new advancements emerge, ensuring the building remains at the forefront of sustainability.

Issuing the Final Structure: Upon completion, the team issued the final structure – a state-of-the-art, environmentally friendly smart building. The hard copy of the building's blueprints, showcasing its sustainable features, was distributed to the public.

In conclusion, Greenovation Tower stands as a testament to the successful collaboration of specialists, contractors, and the community in formulating a sustainable and smart living space. Through a meticulous design procedure, approval processes, and revisions, this building exemplifies the possibilities of creating a harmonious balance between technology and environmental consciousness.

1.What is the main focus of Greenovation Tower's design?

A) Maximizing profits                                    B) Incorporating artificial intelligence

C) Using traditional construction materials    D) Reducing environmental impact

2.What was the purpose of the kick-off meeting mentioned in the text?

A) Approving the final structure           B) Circulating initial ideas

C) Issuing the final blueprints               D) Encountering construction challenges

3.Which sustainable feature is NOT mentioned in the text as part of Greenovation Tower's design?

A) Green roofs                          B) Energy-efficient elevators

C) Centralized heating              D) Solar panels

4.What role did the city's architectural review board play in the project?

A) They ensured compliance with environmental standards     B) They encountered construction                                                                                                                      challenges

C) They submitted the plans for approval                                  D) They issued the final structure

5.What does the text mention as a factor contributing to the building's future-proof design?

A) Regular amendments to the plans            B) Resistance to technological advancements

C) Difficulty in upgrading smart systems     D) Ease of superseding technology

6.What did the team encounter during the construction phase of Greenovation Tower?

A) Circulation of initial ideas                                     B) Challenges related to weather conditions

C) Approval from the architectural review board       D) Incorporation of artificial intelligence

Answers and explanations:

1.What is the main focus of Greenovation Tower's design?

Answer: D) Reducing environmental impact

Explanation: The text mentions that Greenovation Tower aims to blend artificial intelligence with sustainable architecture, focusing on features like green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient systems to minimize environmental impact.

2.What was the purpose of the kick-off meeting mentioned in the text?

Answer: B) Circulating initial ideas

Explanation: The kick-off meeting is mentioned as a point where the design team circulated their initial ideas for a building that combines artificial intelligence with sustainable architecture.

3.Which sustainable feature is NOT mentioned in the text as part of Greenovation Tower's design?

Answer: C) Centralized heating

Explanation: The text does not specifically mention centralized heating as one of the sustainable features of Greenovation Tower.

4.What role did the city's architectural review board play in the project?

Answer: A) They ensured compliance with environmental standards

Explanation: The architectural review board carefully examined the proposal to ensure it adhered to environmental standards before granting approval.

5.What does the text mention as a factor contributing to the building's future-proof design?

Answer: D) Ease of superseding technology

Explanation: The text states that Greenovation Tower allows for the superseding of technology, ensuring that smart systems and eco-friendly features can be easily upgraded as new advancements emerge.

6.What did the team encounter during the construction phase of Greenovation Tower?

Answer: B) Challenges related to weather conditions

Explanation: The text mentions that during the construction phase, the team encountered challenges related to unforeseen weather conditions, leading to revisions in the construction timeline.

Read the text below and put the paragraphs in the correct order (B1 level):

The SmartHarvest 3000: Revolutionizing Agricultural Automation

The SmartHarvest 3000 is an advanced agricultural machine designed to revolutionize the harvesting process. This innovative smart machine incorporates cutting-edge technologies to enhance efficiency and sustainability in agriculture. Equipped with precision sensors and artificial intelligence, the SmartHarvest 3000 autonomously navigates fields, identifying ripe crops and optimizing harvesting techniques.

1. …….

2. …….

3. …….

4. …….

5. …….

In conclusion, the design journey of the SmartHarvest 3000 demonstrates the iterative nature of creating a smart machine. From the initial design brief to the amended drawings, each phase played a vital role in shaping an advanced agricultural solution that aligns with the evolving demands of modern farming practices.

PARAGRAPHS:

A. With the chosen rough sketch in mind, the design team progressed to preliminary drawings, adding more detail and specificity to the SmartHarvest 3000's design. These drawings incorporated approximate dimensions, outlining the size and proportions of the machine. The team also began to consider the integration of cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence for real-time data analysis and decision-making during the harvesting process.

B. During the testing phase, the SmartHarvest 3000 encountered real-world challenges that necessitated adjustments. Amended drawings were created to reflect these modifications, addressing issues related to the machine's performance and adaptability in different agricultural environments. The amendments were crucial in fine-tuning the SmartHarvest 3000, ensuring it met the needs of farmers effectively and efficiently.

C. The inception of the SmartHarvest 3000 began with a comprehensive design brief that outlined the need for an innovative, efficient, and environmentally friendly smart machine to revolutionize agricultural processes. The design brief detailed requirements such as increased harvesting speed, reduced resource usage, and compatibility with various crop types. The primary goal was to address the challenges faced by modern farmers and enhance overall productivity while minimizing environmental impact.

D. As the design matured, the focus shifted to creating working drawings that served as a blueprint for the actual construction of the SmartHarvest 3000. These detailed drawings specified the precise measurements of each component, the materials to be used, and the assembly process. The working drawings were instrumental in guiding the engineers and manufacturers through the fabrication of the machine, ensuring that the final product matched the envisioned smart agricultural solution.

E. In the initial phase of development, engineers and designers engaged in creating rough sketches to visualize the SmartHarvest 3000's basic structure and key components. These sketches explored different configurations, considering factors like size, mobility, and the arrangement of sensors and harvesting mechanisms. The rough sketches allowed the team to quickly iterate through various design possibilities before settling on a concept that aligned with the outlined goals from the design brief.

Reading text Answer key: 1. C 2. E 3. A 4. D 5. B

Vocabulary exercises

1. Match the words with their synonyms

     a. clarify      b. incorporate      c. supersede      d. approximate      e. circulate     f. revise

Synonyms: 1. update ………… 2. amend …………. 3. include ………… 4. rough ………….. 5. issue …………….

2. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the correct words

      a. clarify      b. incorporate        c. supersede       d. approximate     e. circulate      f. revise

1. The manager decided to ___________ the proposal to all team members for feedback before the final decision.

2. The architect aimed to ___________ sustainable materials into the construction design for the eco-friendly building.

3. Can you please ___________ the main points of the presentation to ensure everyone understands the key concepts?

4. After receiving constructive feedback, the writer decided to ___________ the draft to improve its clarity and coherence.

5. The new software will ___________ the outdated version, providing enhanced features and improved performance.

6. The engineer provided ___________ dimensions for the construction team, allowing for flexibility during the planning phase.

Vocabulary Answer key 1 : 1. c 2. f 3. b 4. d 5. e

Vocabulary Answer key 2 : 1. e 2. b 3. a 4. f 5. c 6. d

LENG 101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH I EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 4. Pgs:32,33)- 14

 LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 4 – Engineerin design

Vocabulary pp.32-33 – Discussing dimensions and precision

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Dimension (n)

Definition: A measurement of length, width, or height. 

Sample Sentence: The engineer calculated the dimensions of the beam to ensure it could support the weight of the load. Türkçe Tanım: Uzunluk, genişlik veya yükseklik ölçümü. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, yükü taşıyabilmesi için kirişin boyutlarını hesapladı.

2. Precision (n)

Definition: The degree of exactness or accuracy of a measurement or calculation.

 Sample Sentence: The machinist used a high-precision instrument to ensure the part was made to the correct specifications. Türkçe Tanım: Bir ölçümün veya hesaplamanın doğruluk derecesi. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Tornacı, parçanın doğru standartlara göre yapılmasını sağlamak için yüksek hassasiyetli bir alet kullandı.

3. Accuracy (n)

Definition: The closeness of a measurement or calculation to the true value. 

Sample Sentence: The engineer calibrated the measuring tool to ensure the accuracy of the readings. Türkçe Tanım: Bir ölçümün veya hesaplamanın gerçek değere yakınlığı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, ölçümlerin doğruluğunu sağlamak için ölçüm aletini kalibre etti.

4. Imprecise (adj)

Definition: Not exact or accurate. 

Sample Sentence: The imprecise measurement led to an error in the calculation. Türkçe Tanım: Kesin veya doğru olmayan. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Kesin olmayan ölçüm, hesaplamada bir hataya yol açtı.

5. Slab (n)

Definition: A thick, flat piece of material, typically concrete or stone. 

Sample Sentence: The contractor poured a concrete slab for the foundation of the building. Türkçe Tanım: Genellikle beton veya taştan yapılmış kalın, düz bir malzeme parçası. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Müteahhit, binanın temeli için bir beton levha döktü.

6. Uneven (adj)

Definition: Not level or smooth. 

Sample Sentence: The uneven surface of the road made it difficult to drive. Türkçe Tanım: Düzgün veya pürüzsüz olmayan. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Yolun engebeli yüzeyi, sürüşü zorlaştırdı.

7. Slight (adj)

Definition: Small or not significant. 

Sample Sentence: The engineer made a slight adjustment to the design to improve the performance of the machine. Türkçe Tanım: Küçük veya önemsiz. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, makinenin performansını artırmak için tasarımda küçük bir ayar yaptı.

8. Amplify (v)

Definition: To increase the size or strength of something. 

Sample Sentence: The amplifier amplified the signal so that it could be heard more clearly. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şeyin boyutunu veya gücünü artırmak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Amplifikatör, sinyali daha net duyulabilmesi için güçlendirdi.

9. Amplified (adj)

Definition: Increased in size or strength. 

Sample Sentence: The amplified sound was much louder than the original sound. Türkçe Tanım: Boyutu veya gücü artırılmış. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Güçlendirilmiş ses, orijinal sesten çok daha yüksek çıktı.

10. Tilt (n)

Definition: An inclination or slope. 

Sample Sentence: The tilt of the tower was caused by the shifting of the foundation. Türkçe Tanım: Bir eğim veya meyil. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Kuledeki eğim, temel kaymasından kaynaklandı.

11. Tilt (v)

Definition: To cause something to slope or incline. 

Sample Sentence: The worker tilted the ladder so that he could reach the top of the roof. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şeyi eğmek veya eğilmesini sağlamak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: İşçi, çatıya ulaşabilmek için merdiveni eğdi.

12. Racking Elements (n)

Definition: Components that provide structural support to a system. 

Sample Sentence: The racking elements of the shelving unit prevented the shelves from collapsing. Türkçe Tanım: Bir sisteme yapısal destek sağlayan bileşenler. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Raf ünitesinin taşıyıcı elemanları, rafların çökmesini önledi.

13. Rack (n)

Definition: A frame or structure used to hold or support something. Sample Sentence: The server rack housed the computer equipment for the data center. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şeyi tutmak veya desteklemek için kullanılan çerçeve veya yapı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Sunucu rafı, veri merkezi için bilgisayar ekipmanlarını barındırıyordu.

14. Accommodate (v)

Definition: To provide space or facilities for something. 

Sample Sentence: The new building was designed to accommodate the company's growing workforce. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şey için alan veya olanak sağlamak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Yeni bina, şirketin büyüyen iş gücünü barındıracak şekilde tasarlandı.

15. Eventuality (n)

Definition: A possible future event. 

Sample Sentence: The engineer designed the bridge to withstand the eventuality of an earthquake. Türkçe Tanım: Gelecekte olabilecek bir olay. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, köprüyü bir depreme dayanabilecek şekilde tasarladı.

16. Wall-Mounted (adj)

Definition: Fixed or attached to a wall. 

Sample Sentence: The wall-mounted TV saved space in the living room. Türkçe Tanım: Duvara sabitlenmiş veya monte edilmiş. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Duvara monte edilen televizyon, oturma odasında yer kazandırdı.

17. Web (n)

Definition: A network or main frame, often referring to the structure of a material. 

Sample Sentence: The web of the steel beam provided structural support for the building. Türkçe Tanım: Bir malzemenin yapısını ifade eden ağ veya ana çerçeve. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Çelik kirişin ağı, binaya yapısal destek sağladı.

18. Flange (n)

Definition: A projecting rim or collar on the edge of an object used for strength, guiding, or attachment.

 Sample Sentence: The pipe is connected securely to the valve by a flange. Türkçe Tanım: Güçlendirme, yönlendirme veya bağlantı için bir nesnenin kenarındaki çıkıntılı kenar veya halka. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Boru, bir flanş ile valfe sağlam bir şekilde bağlandı.

TOLERANCE

Tolerance is a measure of the acceptable range of variation for a physical dimension or characteristic. It is typically specified as a plus-or-minus (±) value around a nominal or target value. For example, a bolt with a nominal diameter of 10 millimeters might have a tolerance of ±0.1 millimeters, meaning that the actual diameter of the bolt must be between 9.9 millimeters and 10.1 millimeters.

A tight tolerance is a small tolerance range, while a loose tolerance is a large tolerance range. Tight tolerances are typically used for critical components or dimensions where a small amount of variation could have a significant impact on performance or safety. Loose tolerances are typically used for less critical components or dimensions where a small amount of variation is acceptable.

A tolerance limit is the boundary of the acceptable tolerance range. If a measurement falls outside of the tolerance limits, it is considered to be outside tolerance or out of spec. This means that the part or component does not meet the required specifications and may not be suitable for use.

Tolerance is an important concept in engineering and manufacturing, as it helps to ensure that products are made to the correct specifications and meet the required performance and safety standards.

1. Tolerance (n)

Definition: A measure of the acceptable range of variation for a physical dimension or characteristic. Sample Sentence: The engineer ensured that all components were manufactured within the specified tolerance. Türkçe Tanım: Bir fiziksel boyut veya özelliğin kabul edilebilir değişim aralığı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, tüm parçaların belirtilen tolerans içinde üretildiğinden emin oldu.

2. Within Tolerance (phrase)

Definition: Falling within the acceptable range of variation. Sample Sentence: The machine parts must be manufactured to be within tolerance to ensure proper functionality. Türkçe Tanım: Kabul edilebilir değişim aralığı içinde olmak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Makine parçalarının düzgün çalışmasını sağlamak için tolerans içinde üretilmesi gerekir.

3. Plus or Minus (+/-) (phrase)

Definition: Indicating the range of acceptable deviation from a given value in both positive and negative directions. Sample Sentence: The temperature of the chemical reaction can vary by plus or minus two degrees Celsius. Türkçe Tanım: Verilen bir değerden hem pozitif hem de negatif yönde kabul edilebilir sapma aralığını belirtme. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Kimyasal reaksiyonun sıcaklığı, artı veya eksi iki derece sapabilir.

4. Tight/Close Tolerance (phrase)

Definition: A narrow or small acceptable range of deviation. Sample Sentence: Precision instruments often require tight tolerance to achieve accurate results. Türkçe Tanım: Dar veya küçük kabul edilebilir sapma aralığı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Hassas aletler, doğru sonuçlar elde etmek için genellikle dar tolerans gerektirir.

5. Outside Tolerance (phrase)

Definition: Falling beyond the acceptable range of variation. Sample Sentence: The dimensions of the metal frame were outside tolerance, requiring adjustments in the manufacturing process. Türkçe Tanım: Kabul edilebilir değişim aralığının dışında olmak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Metal çerçevenin boyutları tolerans dışında olduğundan, üretim sürecinde ayarlamalar yapıldı.

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

"Dimensions and Precision in Engineering Design"

In the field of engineering, understanding dimensions and maintaining precision in design are critical aspects that significantly impact the success of any project. Let's explore these concepts further.

Dimensions in Engineering:

In engineering, dimensions refer to the measurements of length, width, or height of various components. Accurate dimensions are essential to ensure that each part fits seamlessly into the overall structure. Imagine constructing a building—each steel beam, concrete slab, and wall must adhere to specific dimensions outlined in the architectural plans.

Consider a scenario where a team of engineers is working on a new bridge. The dimensions of the supporting pillars, the length of the beams, and the width of the roadway are carefully calculated to guarantee the bridge's stability and safety. The precision in these dimensions is crucial to prevent any issues during construction and to ensure the final structure meets safety standards.

Precision in Engineering Design:

Precision is the quality of being accurate and exact. In engineering design, achieving precision is paramount, especially when dealing with intricate components such as electronic devices. Take, for instance, the production of circuit boards for a cutting-edge electronic gadget. Each tiny connection and component must be precisely placed to guarantee the device functions flawlessly.

An engineer designing a precision instrument, like a medical device or a high-tech sensor, must consider tight tolerances. This means that the acceptable range of variation in measurements is very small. Any deviation outside this narrow range could result in the malfunction of the device.

Balancing Tolerance:

Tolerance in engineering refers to the allowed difference between the desired and actual measurements. Ensuring that the manufactured parts are within tolerance is crucial for the functionality and reliability of the end product. Picture a car engine with various components—each piston, valve, and gear must be within tolerance to guarantee the engine's optimal performance.

However, achieving this balance is not always easy. Engineers must work diligently to prevent any part from falling outside tolerance, as even a slight deviation can lead to a breakdown or malfunction.

In conclusion, dimensions and precision are foundational principles in engineering design. Whether constructing buildings, designing electronic devices, or creating intricate machinery, engineers must pay meticulous attention to dimensions and maintain precision within tight tolerances. This commitment to accuracy ensures the success and safety of engineering projects in a wide range of industries.

1. What is the significance of dimensions in engineering?

A. Optional measurements     B. Irrelevant to overall structure

C. Estimations for design       D. Strict guidelines for construction

2. How does precision impact the design of electronic devices in engineering?

A. Precision is not necessary for electronic devices     B. Precision ensures flawless device function

C. Precision is only relevant for large devices             D. Precision is essential only for mechanical                                                                                                     components

3. What is tolerance in engineering, specifically referring to measurements?

A. The allowed variation in dimensions       B. An unnecessary aspect in engineering

C. The rigidity of design                               D. The maximum size of components

4. In the example of a bridge, why are precise dimensions crucial?

A. To save material costs                               B.To guarantee safety and stability

C. To speed up the construction process        D. To allow for flexible design changes

5. Why is achieving tight tolerances important in the production of precision instruments?

A. To allow for a wide range of variations        B. To make manufacturing easier

C. To ensure optimal performance                    D. To speed up the production process

6. What happens if a component falls outside tolerance in engineering design?

A. It has no impact on functionality                  B. It is acceptable in certain cases

C. It improves overall performance                   D. It may lead to malfunction or breakdown

7. What does the text suggest about the role of tolerance in manufacturing car engine components?

A. Tolerance is important for the engine's optimal performance

 B. Tolerance has no impact on engine performance

C. Tolerance is irrelevant in car engine manufacturing 

D. Tolerance is only significant for large engine parts

8. According to the text, why do engineers need to pay meticulous attention to dimensions and precision?

A. To increase construction costs                                                 B. To speed up project completion

C. To ensure the success and safety of engineering projects       D. To simplify the design process

Answers and explanations:

1.Correct Answer: D. Strict guidelines for construction

•Explanation: Dimensions in engineering provide strict guidelines for construction, ensuring that each component fits seamlessly into the overall structure.

2.Correct Answer: B. Precision ensures flawless device function

•Explanation: Precision is crucial in electronic device design to ensure accurate placement of components, leading to flawless device function.

3.Correct Answer: A. The allowed variation in dimensions

•Explanation: Tolerance in engineering refers to the allowed variation in dimensions, indicating the acceptable range of deviation.

4.Correct Answer: B. To guarantee safety and stability

•Explanation: Precise dimensions in bridge construction are crucial to guarantee the safety and stability of the structure.

5.Correct Answer: C. To ensure optimal performance

•Explanation: Achieving tight tolerances in precision instruments is important to ensure optimal performance, as even small deviations can affect functionality.

6.Correct Answer: D. It may lead to malfunction or breakdown

•Explanation: A component falling outside tolerance in engineering design may lead to malfunction or breakdown, emphasizing the importance of adherence to specified tolerances.

7.Correct Answer: A. Tolerance is important for the engine's optimal performance

•Explanation: Tolerance is crucial in manufacturing car engine components to ensure the engine's optimal performance.

8.Correct Answer: C. To ensure the success and safety of engineering projects

•Explanation: Engineers need to pay meticulous attention to dimensions and precision to ensure the success and safety of engineering projects across various industries.

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

The Empire State Building: An Engineering Marvel

The Empire State Building, a towering skyscraper that stands as an iconic symbol of New York City, is a testament to human ingenuity and engineering prowess. Its construction, completed in 1931, marked a pivotal moment in the history of architecture, pushing the boundaries of design and technology to create a structure of unparalleled height and grandeur.

The building's dimensions, particularly its height, were groundbreaking for its time. Standing at a staggering 1,250 feet (381 meters), the Empire State Building held the title of the world's tallest building for nearly four decades, until it was surpassed by the World Trade Center in 1970. The building's construction required a high level of precision and accuracy, ensuring that the structure could withstand the immense forces of wind and gravity.

The construction of the Empire State Building was not without its challenges. The uneven and sloping terrain of the site required extensive excavation and foundation work to ensure a stable base for the building. The imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time necessitated careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations in materials and workmanship.

The building's design incorporates various elements to amplify its strength and stability. The steel web that forms the core of the structure provides exceptional rigidity, while the concrete slabs that form the floors help distribute weight evenly throughout the building. The racking elements, strategically placed throughout the structure, further enhance its resistance to lateral forces.

The Empire State Building's design also accommodates the eventuality of strong winds and earthquakes. The building's tilt, slightly angled towards the west, helps counteract the prevailing wind direction. The structure's foundation is also designed to withstand seismic vibrations, ensuring the building's stability during earthquakes.

The Empire State Building's construction and design demonstrate the ingenuity of engineers and architects who pushed the boundaries of technology and creativity to create a structure of unprecedented height and grandeur. The building's enduring legacy stands as a testament to the power of human innovation and the pursuit of architectural excellence.

1. Which of the following best describes the Empire State Building's construction?

(a) It was a straightforward process that utilized conventional methods.

(b) It posed significant challenges due to the imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time.

(c) It was completed ahead of schedule and within the initial budget.

(d) It involved minimal excavation and foundation work due to the level terrain.

2. Which element of the Empire State Building's design plays a crucial role in its strength and stability?

(a) The extensive use of concrete slabs throughout the building

(b) The placement of racking elements to enhance resistance to lateral forces

(c) The precise alignment of the building's steel web structure

(d) The slight tilt of the building towards the west

3. What was the primary reason for the Empire State Building's loss of the world's tallest building title in 1970?

(a) The construction of the World Trade Center surpassed its height

(b) The building's structural integrity was compromised due to age

(c) The advancement of architectural design led to taller structures

(d) The Empire State Building was damaged by a severe fire

4. Which of the following best summarizes the role of the Empire State Building's construction?

(a) It marked a breakthrough in architectural design and engineering techniques.

(b) It showcased the limitations of construction methods used at the time.

(c) It was a relatively uneventful process that followed established practices.

(d) It primarily focused on maximizing the building's height rather than stability. 7

5. Which element of the Empire State Building's design demonstrates its adaptability to external forces?

(a) The precise alignment of its steel web structure

(b) The use of concrete slabs to distribute weight evenly

(c) The slight tilt of the building towards the west

(d) The placement of racking elements throughout the structure

6. Which aspect of the Empire State Building's construction highlights the importance of precision and accuracy?

(a) The rapid pace of construction to meet the project deadline

(b) The use of prefabricated components to expedite the process

(c) The careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations

(d) The reliance on traditional construction methods without advanced technology

Answers and explanations:

1. (b) It posed significant challenges due to the imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time.

Explanation: The text specifically mentions that the imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time necessitated careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations in materials and workmanship. This suggests that the construction process was not straightforward and faced challenges due to the limitations of the available technology.

2. (b) The placement of racking elements to enhance resistance to lateral forces.

Explanation: The text states that racking elements, strategically placed throughout the structure, further enhance its resistance to lateral forces. This implies that the placement of these elements plays a crucial role in the building's strength and stability.

3. (a) The construction of the World Trade Center surpassed its height.

Explanation: The text directly states that the Empire State Building lost its title as the world's tallest building in 1970 when the World Trade Center was completed. This indicates that the primary reason for the title loss was the construction of a taller building.

4. (a) It marked a breakthrough in architectural design and engineering techniques.

Explanation: The text emphasizes the groundbreaking nature of the Empire State Building's construction, stating that it pushed the boundaries of design and technology to create a structure of unparalleled height and grandeur. This suggests that the construction process represented a significant advancement in architectural and engineering practices.

5. (c) The slight tilt of the building towards the west.

Explanation: The text mentions that the Empire State Building's slight tilt towards the west helps counteract the prevailing wind direction. This indicates that the building's design was adapted to accommodate external forces, specifically wind, to enhance its stability.

6. (c) The careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations.

Explanation: The text highlights the importance of precision and accuracy during construction, stating that careful planning and adjustments were necessary to accommodate slight variations in materials and workmanship. This emphasizes the need for meticulous attention to detail to ensure the structural integrity of the building

LENG 101 FERSHMAN ENGLISH I EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 4 Pgs:30-31) -13

 

LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 4 – Engineerin design

Vocabulary pp.30-31 – Working with drawings

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Panel (n)

Definition: A flat piece of material used to make the walls or ceiling of a structure. Türkçe Çeviri: Yapıların duvarlarını veya tavanlarını yapmak için kullanılan düz bir malzeme parçası. Sample Sentence: The walls of the room were made up of wooden panels. Türkçe Çeviri: Odanın duvarları ahşap panellerden yapılmıştı.

2. Deck (n)

Definition: A flat area of a building or ship that is used for walking or working on. Türkçe Çeviri: Üzerinde yürümek veya çalışmak için kullanılan, bir bina veya geminin düz bir alanı. 

Sample Sentence: The deck of the ship was made of wood and was used for sunbathing. Türkçe Çeviri: Geminin güvertesi ahşaptandı ve güneşlenmek için kullanılıyordu.

3. Duct (n)

Definition: A passage or channel used for conveying air, gases, or liquids. Türkçe Çeviri: Hava, gaz veya sıvıları taşımak için kullanılan bir geçit veya kanal. 

Sample Sentence: The air conditioning ducts in the house were clogged with dust. Türkçe Çeviri: Evin klima kanalları tozla tıkanmıştı.

4. Hollow (adj)

Definition: Empty or having a space inside. Türkçe Çeviri: İç kısmı boş olan veya bir boşluğa sahip.

 Sample Sentence: The hollow tube was used to transport water. Türkçe Çeviri: Boş boru su taşımak için kullanılıyordu.

5. Beam (n)

Definition: A long, strong piece of material that is used to support a weight. Türkçe Çeviri: Ağırlığı desteklemek için kullanılan uzun, sağlam bir malzeme parçası. 

Sample Sentence: The steel beam was used to support the roof of the building. Türkçe Çeviri: Çelik kiriş, binanın çatısını desteklemek için kullanıldı.

6. Hollow Beam (n)

Definition: A type of structural element with a hollow cross-section, used in construction for being lightweight yet strong. Türkçe Çeviri: Hafif ama güçlü olması için inşaatta kullanılan, içi boş kesitli bir yapı elemanı.

 Sample Sentence: The hollow beams used in the construction of the bridge were strong enough to support the heavy traffic load. Türkçe Çeviri: Köprünün yapımında kullanılan boş kirişler, yoğun trafik yükünü destekleyecek kadar güçlüydü.

7. Perimeter (n)

Definition: The distance around the edge of a shape. Türkçe Çeviri: Bir şeklin kenarı etrafındaki mesafe.

 Sample Sentence: The perimeter of the square was 20 meters. Türkçe Çeviri: Karenin çevresi 20 metreydi.

8. Floodlight (n)

Definition: A powerful light that is used to illuminate a large area. Türkçe Çeviri: Büyük bir alanı aydınlatmak için kullanılan güçlü bir ışık. 

Sample Sentence: The floodlights were used to illuminate the football field. Türkçe Çeviri: Futbol sahasını aydınlatmak için projektörler kullanıldı.

9. Sprinkler System (n)

Definition: A system of pipes and sprinklers that is used to put out fires. Türkçe Çeviri: Yangınları söndürmek için kullanılan boru ve sprinklerlerden oluşan bir sistem. 

Sample Sentence: The sprinkler system in the factory was activated when the fire broke out. Türkçe Çeviri: Fabrikadaki sprinkler sistemi, yangın çıktığında devreye girdi.

10. Scale (n)

Definition: A ratio of the size of an object to its actual size. Türkçe Çeviri: Bir nesnenin boyutunun gerçek boyutuna oranı. 

Sample Sentence: The scale of the map was 1:100,000. Türkçe Çeviri: Haritanın ölçeği 1:100.000'di.

11. Scale Off (v)

Definition: To read a drawing or map without a proper scale. Türkçe Çeviri: Uygun bir ölçek olmadan bir çizimi veya haritayı okumak.

Sample Sentence: We should not scale off maps. Otherwise, we will guess the distance incorrectly. Türkçe Çeviri: Haritaları ölçeklendirmemeliyiz. Aksi takdirde mesafeyi yanlış tahmin ederiz.

Types of drawings in engineering design:

1. Plan (n)

Definition (English): A drawing that shows the top view of an object or structure, typically with dimensions and details of its layout. Turkish Translation: Plan, bir nesnenin veya yapının üstten görünümünü gösteren, genellikle boyutlar ve düzen detaylarını içeren bir çizimdir.

 Sample Sentence (English): The architects reviewed the plans for the new office building to ensure compliance with zoning regulations. Sample Sentence (Turkish): Mimarlar, yeni ofis binasının planlarını imar düzenlemelerine uygun olduğundan emin olmak için inceledi.

Illustration:

Yeni pencerede açılırin.pinterest.com

Plan drawing in engineering

2. Elevation (n)

Definition (English): A drawing that shows a side view of an object or structure, typically with dimensions and details of its height and proportions. Turkish Translation: Görünüş, bir nesnenin veya yapının yan görünümünü, genellikle boyutlar ve yükseklik-proporsiyon detaylarıyla gösteren bir çizimdir. 

Sample Sentence (English): The engineers examined the elevations of the proposed bridge to assess its structural integrity. Sample Sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, önerilen köprünün görünüşlerini inceleyerek yapısal bütünlüğünü değerlendirdi.

Illustration:

Yeni pencerede açılırengineerscrew.com

Elevation drawing in engineering

3. Exploded View (n)

Definition (English): A drawing that shows a disassembled object or assembly, with each component separated and labeled. Turkish Translation: Patlama görünümü, bir nesneyi veya montajı sökülmüş halde, her bileşenin ayrılmış ve etiketlenmiş olarak gösteren bir çizimdir. 

Sample Sentence (English): The technicians used the exploded view of the engine to identify the parts they needed to replace. Sample Sentence (Turkish): Teknisyenler, değiştirmeleri gereken parçaları belirlemek için motorun patlama görünümünü kullandı.

Illustration:

Yeni pencerede açılıriwakiair.com

Exploded view drawing in engineering

4. Cross-section (n)

Definition (English): A drawing that shows an object or structure cut through along a specific plane, revealing its internal details. Turkish Translation: Kesit görünümü, belirli bir düzlem boyunca kesilmiş bir nesneyi veya yapıyı, iç detaylarını göstererek sunan bir çizimdir. 

Sample Sentence (English): The technician studied the cross-section of the hollow beam to understand the profile of the inner void. Sample Sentence (Turkish): Teknisyen, iç boşluğun profilini anlamak için içi boş kirişin kesit görünümünü inceledi.

Illustration:

Yeni pencerede açılırwww.mcgill.ca

Cross-section drawing in engineering

5. Schematic (n)

Definition (English): A simplified diagram that represents the flow of information, energy, or materials within a system. Turkish Translation: Şematik, bir sistem içindeki bilgi, enerji veya malzeme akışını temsil eden basitleştirilmiş bir diyagramdır. 

Sample Sentence (English): The electricians used the schematic diagram to trace the electrical circuit and locate the fault. Sample Sentence (Turkish): Elektrikçiler, elektrik devresini takip etmek ve arızayı bulmak için şematik diyagramı kullandı.

Illustration:

Yeni pencerede açılırsmartdraw.com

Schematic drawing in engineering

6. Note (n)

Definition (English): A written or drawn explanation or instruction added to a drawing or document. Turkish Translation: Not, bir çizime veya belgeye eklenen yazılı veya çizilmiş bir açıklama veya talimattır. Sample Sentence (English): The engineer added a note to the drawing to clarify the tolerances for the machined parts. 

Sample Sentence (Turkish): Mühendis, işlenmiş parçalar için toleransları netleştirmek amacıyla çizime bir not ekledi.

7. Specification (n)

Definition (English): A detailed description of the technical requirements for a product, material, or process. Turkish Translation: Teknik şartname, bir ürün, malzeme veya süreç için teknik gereksinimlerin ayrıntılı bir tanımını içerir. Sample Sentence (English): The architect provided the specifications for the steel alloy on the drawing to ensure it met the required strength and durability standards. 

Sample Sentence (Turkish): Mimar, çelik alaşımın gerekli güç ve dayanıklılık standartlarını karşıladığından emin olmak için çizimde teknik şartnameleri sağladı.

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

Scale Drawings vs Scale Models

Scale drawings and scale models are indispensable tools in the field of engineering design, each serving distinct purposes with unique characteristics. A fundamental grasp of their differences is essential for effective design and communication within the engineering domain.

Scale Drawings:

2D Representation: Scale drawings typically manifest as 2-dimensional representations of designs. Engineers utilize them to illustrate the length, width, and occasionally height of an object or structure on a flat surface, like paper or a computer screen.

Precision and Detail: Scale drawings enable precise measurements and intricate detailing, allowing engineers to convey specific dimensions, angles, and features accurately.

Blueprints and CAD: Common forms of scale drawings include blueprints, technical drawings, and computer-aided design (CAD) files. CAD software facilitates the creation and editing of detailed, to-scale representations.

Visualization: Scale drawings aid engineers and structural experts in visualizing design concepts before construction, playing a vital role in design reviews and documentation.

Scale Models:

3D Representation: In contrast, scale models are 3-dimensional physical reflections of designs, providing a tangible, spatial understanding of the object, structure, or system.

Physical Prototype: Often constructed to a reduced scale, scale models serve as physical prototypes, enabling engineers to evaluate not only size but also form, volume, and aesthetics.

Real-World Testing: Engineers employ scale models for real-world testing and execution. For instance, in civil engineering, wind turbine models assist in assessing the aerodynamic properties of structures.

Communication and Education: Scale models prove useful in communicating ideas to clients, investors, and the public, offering a more intuitive understanding of the final product.

In Summary:

Scale drawings are 2D reconstructions emphasizing precise measurements and detailing. In contrast, scale models are 3D physical reconstructions used for testing and visual communication. Both tools are indispensable in the design process, with scale drawings laying the foundation for design concepts and specifications, and scale models providing a tangible, experiential understanding of the final product. The choice between them hinges on the specific goals of the design project, whether it involves detailed documentation, prototyping, testing, or effective communication with stakeholders.

Mark the sentences as True or False according to the text.

1.Scale drawings are primarily 2D representations used by engineers to illustrate the dimensions of an object on a flat surface.

2.Precision and intricate detailing are key features of scale drawings, enabling engineers to accurately convey specific dimensions and angles.

3.Blueprints and technical drawings are not common forms of scale drawings; they are used in a different context unrelated to engineering.

4.Scale models serve as 3D physical reflections of designs, providing engineers with a tangible and spatial understanding of the object, structure, or system.

5.Real-world testing is not a practical application of scale models; their main purpose is limited to visual communication with clients and investors.

Answer key: 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):

The Engineering Marvel of a Cruise Ship

Cruise ships are engineering marvels that combine comfort, luxury, and cutting-edge technology to provide passengers with a unique travel experience. Let's explore the various engineering aspects that make these floating cities possible.

Panel Design: The exterior of a cruise ship is adorned with carefully designed panels, not just for aesthetic purposes, but also for functionality. These panels are strategically placed to enhance the ship's aerodynamics, ensuring smooth sailing even in challenging weather conditions.

Deck Construction: The multiple decks of a cruise ship serve as both functional and recreational spaces. Engineers meticulously plan the layout of each deck to accommodate cabins, dining areas, and entertainment facilities. The upper decks, often equipped with swimming pools and lounging areas, are carefully designed to withstand the elements.

Duct Systems: Within the ship, an intricate network of ducts regulates air circulation and climate control. Engineers install advanced duct systems to ensure a comfortable and well-ventilated environment for passengers and crew members alike.

Hollow Structures: Beneath the surface, the ship's hull is not a solid mass but a carefully engineered hollow structure. This design choice enhances buoyancy and fuel efficiency, allowing the ship to navigate through oceans with ease.

Beam Strength: The strength of beams supporting the ship's structure is crucial for its stability. Engineers employ advanced materials and design techniques to ensure that the beams can withstand the forces encountered during ocean travel.

Perimeter Safety: Safety is paramount on a cruise ship, and the perimeter is equipped with safety features such as railings and emergency exits. Engineers carefully plan the perimeter design to meet international safety standards and protect passengers.

Floodlight Illumination: The upper decks of a cruise ship are adorned with floodlights that not only enhance the ship's appearance but also provide essential lighting during nighttime navigation. Engineers consider the aesthetic and functional aspects of floodlight placement.

Sprinkler System: Safety is further ensured by the installation of a sophisticated sprinkler system throughout the ship. In the event of a fire, the system activates, quickly containing and extinguishing any potential hazards.

Scale Modeling and Planning: Before a cruise ship becomes a reality, engineers create scale models, plans, and elevations to visualize and fine-tune every aspect. These detailed plans guide the construction process, ensuring that the final product meets safety and design standards.

In summary, a cruise ship is a feat of engineering excellence, where every panel, deck, duct, and beam is meticulously planned and constructed. From the hollow structures of the hull to the floodlights adorning the decks, each element contributes to the overall safety, comfort, and luxury that passengers experience during their voyage.

1. What is the primary purpose of the carefully designed panels on the exterior of a cruise ship?

a. Aesthetic appeal 

b. Passenger comfort

c. Functional aerodynamics

 d. Increased cargo capacity

2. What crucial function do duct systems serve within a cruise ship?

a. Structural support           b. Air circulation and climate control

c. Enhanced buoyancy       d. Navigation efficiency

3. Why are the beams supporting a cruise ship's structure essential?

a. Aesthetic enhancement            b. Passenger entertainment

c. Stability during ocean travel    d. Fuel efficiency improvement

4. What is the primary purpose of the sprinkler system installed on a cruise ship?

a. Aesthetic enhancement           b. Safety in case of fire

c. Cooling the environment        d. Emergency lighting

5. Which part of the ship's design ensures safety and adherence to international standards?

a. Perimeter safety features         b. Floodlight illumination

c. Deck construction                   d. Hollow structures

6. What is the purpose of scale models, plans, and elevations in cruise ship engineering?

a. Passenger entertainment          b. Visualizing and fine-tuning every aspect

c. Enhancing fuel efficiency        d. Aesthetic appeal

7. Which engineering aspect ensures a well-ventilated environment for both passengers and crew members?

a. Deck construction                    b. Hollow structures

c. Duct systems                           d. Scale modeling

8. What do the upper decks of a cruise ship use floodlights for primarily?

a. Emergency lighting                 b. Passenger entertainment

c. Enhanced navigation               d. Nighttime illumination and appearance

Answers and explanations:

1.Answer: c. Functional aerodynamics

•Explanation: The carefully designed panels on the exterior of a cruise ship serve the purpose of enhancing functional aerodynamics, ensuring smooth sailing even in challenging weather conditions.

2.Answer: b. Air circulation and climate control

•Explanation: Duct systems within a cruise ship regulate air circulation and climate control, contributing to a comfortable and well-ventilated environment for passengers and crew members.

3.Answer: c. Stability during ocean travel

•Explanation: The beams supporting a cruise ship's structure are crucial for ensuring stability during ocean travel, helping the ship withstand the forces encountered at sea.

4.Answer: b. Safety in case of fire

•Explanation: The sprinkler system installed on a cruise ship serves the primary purpose of ensuring safety in case of a fire, quickly containing and extinguishing potential hazards.

5.Answer: a. Perimeter safety features

•Explanation: Perimeter safety features, such as railings and emergency exits, contribute to the overall safety of a cruise ship, ensuring compliance with international safety standards.

6.Answer: b. Visualizing and fine-tuning every aspect

•Explanation: Scale models, plans, and elevations in cruise ship engineering are used for visualizing and fine-tuning every aspect of the design before construction.

7.Answer: c. Duct systems

•Explanation: Duct systems within a cruise ship ensure a well-ventilated environment for both passengers and crew members, regulating air circulation and climate control.

8.Answer: d. Nighttime illumination and appearance

•Explanation: Floodlights on the upper decks of a cruise ship are primarily used for nighttime illumination and enhancing the ship's appearance, contributing to an aesthetically pleasing environment.

Fill in the blanks with the one of the words below.

1)               a. scale          b. floodlight        c. beam      d. sprinkler system         e. duct

1.The ventilation system uses a network of __________ to distribute air throughout the building.

2.The architect designed a steel __________ to support the weight of the upper floors.

3.The stadium installed powerful __________ to illuminate the entire playing field during night games.

4.The drawing of the bridge was done to a 1:100 __________, representing a miniature version of the actual size.

5.In case of fire, the building is equipped with an automatic __________ to control and suppress flames.

2)       a. exploded view   b. cross-section    c. plan d. specification     e. schematic   f. elevation

The engineering blueprint includes a detailed floor 1) __________ showing the layout of the building, a/an 2) __________ displaying the vertical dimensions, a/an 3) __________ demonstrating the assembly of components, a/an 4) _________ revealing internal structures, a/an 5) ________ illustrating the electrical connections, and accompanying notes, 6) __________, and details for construction guidance.

Answer key 1: 1. e 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. d

Answer key 2: 1. c 2. f 3. a 4. b 5. e 6. d

LENG 101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH I EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 3 Pgs:28-29) -12

 

LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 3 – Components and assemblies

Please give feedback to Instructor Ali Esin SÜT – aliesins@gmail.com

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Assembled (adj)

•Definition: Put together or constructed. (Bir araya getirilmiş veya inşa edilmiş.)

•Sample Sentence: The engineers inspected the fully assembled structure to ensure all components were in their correct positions. (Mühendisler, tüm bileşenlerin doğru konumlarında olduğundan emin olmak için tamamen monte edilmiş yapıyı incelediler.)

2. Component (n)

•Definition: A part or element of a larger system or structure. (Daha büyük bir sistemin veya yapının bir parçası.)

•Sample Sentence: Each electronic device consists of various electronic components that work together to perform specific functions. (Her elektronik cihaz, belirli işlevleri yerine getirmek için birlikte çalışan çeşitli elektronik bileşenlerden oluşur.)

3. Actual (adj)

•Definition: Real or existing in fact, not just in theory. (Gerçek veya sadece teoride değil, fiilen var olan.)

•Sample Sentence: The actual dimensions of the prototype were crucial for accurate testing and evaluation. (Prototipin gerçek boyutları, doğru test ve değerlendirme için çok önemliydi.)

4. Incident (n)

•Definition: An unexpected event or occurrence. (Beklenmedik bir olay veya durum.)

•Sample Sentence: The safety protocols were reviewed after a minor incident during the testing phase. (Test aşamasında küçük bir olayın ardından güvenlik protokolleri gözden geçirildi.)

5. Occur (v)

•Definition: To take place or happen. (Meydana gelmek veya gerçekleşmek.)

•Sample Sentence: Changes in temperature can affect how certain chemical reactions occur within the materials. (Sıcaklık değişiklikleri, belirli kimyasal reaksiyonların malzemelerde nasıl gerçekleştiğini etkileyebilir.)

6. Equivalent (n)

•Definition: Something that has the same value or function as another. (Aynı değere veya işlevselliğe sahip bir şey.)

•Sample Sentence: Engineers sought a more cost-effective equivalent material with similar properties for the construction project.

(Mühendisler, inşaat projesi için benzer özelliklere sahip daha uygun maliyetli bir eşdeğer malzeme

aradılar.)

7. Understatement (n)

•Definition: The presentation of something as being less important or serious than it actually is. (Bir şeyin gerçekte olduğundan daha az önemli veya ciddi olarak sunulması.)

•Sample Sentence: Describing the potential risks as a minor issue was an understatement that led to further investigation. (Olası riskleri küçük bir sorun olarak tanımlamak, daha fazla araştırmaya yol açan bir hafife alma oldu.)

8. Projecting (adj)

•Definition: Extending outward beyond a surface. (Bir yüzeyden dışarı doğru uzanan.)

•Sample Sentence: The projecting part of the machine required additional support to maintain stability. (Makinenin dışarı çıkan kısmı, stabiliteyi sağlamak için ek desteğe ihtiyaç duyuyordu.)

9. Cluster (n)

•Definition: A group of similar things or individuals close together. (Birbirine yakın benzer şeylerin veya bireylerin bir grubu.)

•Sample Sentence: The sensors formed a cluster to collect data from various points in the experiment. (Sensörler, deneydeki çeşitli noktalardan veri toplamak için bir grup oluşturdu.)

10. Fasten (v)

•Definition: To secure or attach firmly. (Güvenceye almak veya sıkıca bağlamak.)

•Sample Sentence: Engineers needed to fasten the panels securely to withstand strong winds. (Mühendisler, panelleri şiddetli rüzgarlara dayanacak şekilde güvenli bir şekilde sabitlemek zorundaydı.)

11. Makeshift (adj)

•Definition: Temporary and improvised; done or made using whatever is available. (Geçici ve doğaçlama; elde olanlarla yapılan; dermeçatma.)

•Sample Sentence: The engineers created a makeshift repair until the proper replacement parts arrived. (Mühendisler, uygun yedek parçalar gelene kadar geçici bir onarım yaptı.)

12. Altitude (n)

•Definition: The height above a reference point, often sea level. (Bir referans noktasından, genellikle deniz seviyesinden yükseklik.)

•Sample Sentence: The aircraft's performance varied with changes in altitude during the test flight. (Uçağın performansı, test uçuşu sırasında irtifadaki değişikliklerle farklılık gösterdi.)

13. Drift (v)

•Definition: To move slowly or steadily in a particular direction. (Belirli bir yönde yavaşça veya istikrarlı bir şekilde hareket etmek; sürüklenmek)

•Sample Sentence: The satellite was designed not to drift off course during its orbit. (Uydu, yörüngesi sırasında rotadan sapmaması için tasarlandı.)

14. Gradually (adv)

•Definition: In a slow or gradual manner. (Yavaş veya kademeli bir şekilde.)

•Sample Sentence: The temperature inside the chamber increased gradually to avoid thermal shocks to the components. (Odacıktaki sıcaklık, bileşenler üzerindeki termal şokları önlemek için yavaşça arttı.)

15. Progressively (adv)

•Definition: In a gradually advancing manner. (Kademeli olarak ilerleyen bir şekilde.)

•Sample Sentence: The system's efficiency improved progressively with each software update. (Sistemin verimliliği, her yazılım güncellemesiyle kademeli olarak arttı.)

16. Lift (n)

•Definition: The force that enables an aircraft or other object to rise against gravity. (Bir uçak veya başka bir nesnenin yerçekimine karşı yükselmesini sağlayan kuvvet.)

•Sample Sentence: The design of the wings was crucial for providing the necessary lift during takeoff. (Kanatların tasarımı, kalkış sırasında gerekli kaldırmayı sağlamak için çok önemliydi.)

17. Lift (v)

•Definition: To raise or elevate. (Yükseltmek veya kaldırmak.)

•Sample Sentence: Engineers used a hydraulic system to lift heavy machinery for maintenance. (Mühendisler, ağır makineleri bakım için kaldırmak üzere bir hidrolik sistem kullandılar.)

18. Self-assembly (adj)

•Definition: Capable of assembling itself without external assistance. (Harici bir yardım olmadan kendi kendine monte olabilen.)

•Sample Sentence: The components featured a self-assembly design, simplifying the manufacturing process. (Bileşenler, üretim sürecini basitleştiren bir kendi kendine montaj tasarımına sahipti.)

19. Adjacent to (prep.)

•Definition: Next to or adjoining something else. (Bir şeyin yanında veya bitişiğinde.)

•Sample Sentence: The control panel was adjacent to the main console for convenient access. (Kontrol paneli, kolay erişim için ana konsolun yanındaydı.)

20. Occupant (n)

•Definition: A person who resides or occupies a place. (Bir yerde ikamet eden veya orayı kullanan kişi.)

•Sample Sentence: Safety features in the vehicle were designed to protect the occupant in the event of a collision. (Araçtaki güvenlik özellikleri, çarpışma durumunda yolcuyu korumak için tasarlanmıştır.)

21. Spectacle (n)

•Definition: A visually striking display or event. (Görsel olarak çarpıcı bir gösteri veya olay.)

•Sample Sentence: The launch of the rocket was a remarkable spectacle witnessed by spectators. (Roketin fırlatılışı, izleyiciler tarafından görülen olağanüstü bir manzaraydı.)

22. Hover (v)

•Definition: To remain suspended in the air. (Havada asılı kalmak.)

•Sample Sentence: Drones are designed to hover in a stable position for various applications. (Dronlar, çeşitli uygulamalar için sabit bir pozisyonda havada duracak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.)

23. Suspend (v)

•Definition: To hang or be hung from above, (often without support from below). (Üstten asmak veya asılmak, (genellikle alttan destek olmadan).)

•Sample Sentence: The delicate instrument was carefully suspended to minimize vibrations during testing. (Hassas cihaz, test sırasında titreşimleri en aza indirmek için dikkatlice asıldı.)

24. Get tangled with (v)

•Definition: To become twisted or caught up with something. (Bir şeyle dolanmak veya takılmak.)

•Sample Sentence: The cables should be organized to avoid getting tangled with moving parts in the machinery. (Kablolar, makinedeki hareketli parçalarla dolanmayı önlemek için düzenlenmelidir.)

25. Marginal (adj)

•Definition: Relating to or situated at the edge or margin. (Kenarda veya sınırda bulunan.)

•Sample Sentence: The improvements had a marginal impact on the overall efficiency of the system. (Yapılan iyileştirmeler, sistemin genel verimliliği üzerinde sınırlı bir etkiye sahipti.)

26. Steadily (adv)

•Definition: In a constant and unchanging manner. (Sabit ve değişmeyen bir şekilde.)

•Sample Sentence: The temperature inside the chamber increased steadily to simulate realistic operating conditions. (Odacıktaki sıcaklık, gerçekçi çalışma koşullarını simüle etmek için sabit bir şekilde arttı.)

27. Harness (n)

•Definition: A set of straps, belts, or other flexible materials arranged to secure and control something. (Bir şeyi sabitlemek ve kontrol etmek için düzenlenmiş kayışlar, kemerler veya diğer esnek malzemeler.)

•Sample Sentence: The adventurer carefully adjusted the harness to ensure a safe descent during the climb. (Macera tutkunu, tırmanış sırasında güvenli bir iniş sağlamak için kayışları dikkatlice ayarladı.)

28. Ballast (n)

•Definition: Heavy material placed in the hull of a ship or the gondola of a balloon to ensure stability. (Geminin gövdesine veya balonun gondoluna yerleştirilen ağırlık, dengede kalmasını sağlar.)

•Sample Sentence: Adjusting the amount of ballast helped the airship maintain proper balance during flight. (Balast miktarını ayarlamak, hava gemisinin uçuş sırasında düzgün bir şekilde dengede kalmasına yardımcı oldu.)

29. Increment (n)

•Definition: An increase or addition, especially a regular one. (Özellikle düzenli bir artış veya ekleme.)

•Sample Sentence: The software updates were released in regular increments to enhance system performance. (Sistem performansını artırmak için yazılım güncellemeleri düzenli aralıklarla yayınlandı.)

Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level)

Cluster Ballooning: A Thrilling Adventure Above and Beyond

Cluster ballooning, an exhilarating extreme sport, involves the use of multiple balloons attached to a lightweight basket. Participants, known as "cluster balloonists," assemble various components to create a makeshift airborne vehicle. The actual thrill begins when they gradually lift off the ground, suspended in the air by a cluster of balloons.

In this extraordinary activity, participants often find themselves hovering above the earth's surface, experiencing a unique spectacle as they ascend to greater altitudes. The incident of being airborne provides an unmatched sense of freedom and adventure. As balloonists drift steadily through the sky, they marvel at the breathtaking views below.

One crucial aspect of cluster ballooning is the need to fasten the balloons securely to the basket to ensure stability. The balloons, when properly fastened, allow participants to lift gently into the sky. This self-assembly process adds an element of excitement as balloonists prepare for their journey.

Safety is not an understatement in this extreme sport. Participants must take precautions to avoid getting tangled with the balloons or encountering any unforeseen incidents. To guarantee a safe experience, balloonists use ballast to control their altitude and make incremental adjustments throughout the flight.

Cluster ballooning often takes place above and below the clouds, providing a unique perspective of the world. Balloonists navigate through the sky, adjacent to treetops and landscapes, and sometimes even above bodies of water. The sport requires a careful balance between the thrill of adventure and the need for responsible practices.

The occupants of the balloon basket, suspended high above the ground, experience a sense of awe and wonder. As they steadily float through the air, the marginal difference between the earth below and the sky above becomes a mesmerizing journey.

In conclusion, cluster ballooning offers a one-of-a-kind adventure for those seeking a unique and exhilarating experience. The sport combines the excitement of being airborne with the need for careful navigation and control. Whether hovering above vast landscapes or drifting adjacent to city skylines, cluster ballooning promises an unforgettable spectacle for those daring enough to undertake this extraordinary adventure.

1.What is the primary activity involved in cluster ballooning?

a) Skydiving                                                b) Paragliding

c) Utilizing multiple balloons for flight      d) Hang gliding

2.What term is used to describe participants in cluster ballooning?

a) Aeronauts                        b) Aviators

c) Cluster enthusiasts         d) Cluster balloonists

3.When does the actual thrill in cluster ballooning begin, according to the text?

a) When assembling the components               b) Upon reaching maximum altitude

c) During the self-assembly process                d) Gradually lifting off the ground

4.What is the key aspect emphasized in ensuring stability during a cluster ballooning adventure?

a) Altitude control                                            b) Fastening balloons securely to the basket

c) Using advanced navigation systems            d) Harnessing strong winds for propulsion

5.How is safety described in the context of cluster ballooning?

a) Understated                b) Overemphasized                c) Marginal                d) Critical

6.What do balloonists use to control their altitude in cluster ballooning?

a) GPS navigation                                            b) Fastening mechanisms

c) Ballast and incremental adjustments           d) Self-assembly techniques

7.Where does cluster ballooning often take place, providing a unique perspective for participants?

a) Underwater      b) Above and below the clouds        c) Underground          d) In dense forests

8.How do occupants of the balloon basket feel as they float through the air, according to the text?

a) Awe and wonder        b) Bored          c) Fearful               d) Indifferent

Answers and explanations:

1.What is the primary activity involved in cluster ballooning?

•Correct Answer: c) Utilizing multiple balloons for flight.

•Explanation: The text mentions that cluster ballooning involves the use of multiple balloons attached to a lightweight basket.

2.What term is used to describe participants in cluster ballooning?

•Correct Answer: d) Cluster balloonists.

•Explanation: The text refers to participants in cluster ballooning as "cluster balloonists."

3.When does the actual thrill in cluster ballooning begin, according to the text?

•Correct Answer: d) Gradually lifting off the ground.

•

Explanation: The text mentions that the actual thrill in cluster ballooning begins when participants gradually lift off the ground.

4.What is the key aspect emphasized in ensuring stability during a cluster ballooning adventure?

•Correct Answer: b) Fastening balloons securely to the basket.

•Explanation: The text highlights the crucial aspect of fastening balloons securely to ensure stability during the adventure.

5.How is safety described in the context of cluster ballooning?

•Correct Answer: a) Understated.

•Explanation: The text mentions that safety is not an understatement in cluster ballooning, emphasizing its importance in the extreme sport.

6.What do balloonists use to control their altitude in cluster ballooning?

•Correct Answer: c) Ballast and incremental adjustments.

•Explanation: Balloonists use ballast to control altitude and make incremental adjustments, as mentioned in the text.

7.Where does cluster ballooning often take place, providing a unique perspective for participants?

•Correct Answer: b) Above and below the clouds.

•Explanation: The text states that cluster ballooning often takes place above and below the clouds, offering a unique perspective.

8.How do occupants of the balloon basket feel as they float through the air, according to the text?

•Correct Answer: a) Awe and wonder.

•Explanation: The text mentions that occupants experience a sense of awe and wonder as they float through the air in the balloon basket.

Read the text below and answer the questions (B2 level)

Helicopters: Engineering Marvels in Flight

Helicopters, a remarkable example of engineering innovation, are composed of various components carefully assembled to create a sophisticated flying machine. The actual design of a helicopter involves intricate engineering to ensure optimal performance and safety during every flight.

In the engineering world, incidents involving helicopters are thoroughly analyzed to understand the factors that may occur during flight. Engineers continually work to enhance helicopter technology, making them more efficient and safer. Understanding how incidents occur is crucial for improving the overall reliability of these aerial vehicles.

One significant engineering concept related to helicopters is the idea of lift. Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters can lift off vertically, gradually ascending into the sky. Engineers have developed advanced techniques to progressively increase lift, allowing helicopters to achieve the necessary altitude for various missions.

The equivalent of a floating platform, a helicopter hovers above the ground, providing an extraordinary spectacle of engineering achievement. The ability to hover is a defining characteristic, showcasing the projecting power of the rotor blades as they spin rapidly.

The cluster of technologies involved in helicopter design includes the harnessing of power to fasten rotor blades securely. This is a critical aspect of engineering, ensuring that the makeshift wings generate the necessary lift for controlled flight. Engineers use innovative materials and self-assembly techniques to enhance the structural integrity of helicopters.

Altitude control is maintained through the careful manipulation of ballast and incremental adjustments during flight. Engineers have developed systems that allow for precise control, ensuring that helicopters can operate efficiently above and below specific altitudes.

The occupants of a helicopter, often including pilots and passengers, experience a unique vantage point. Hovering adjacent to landscapes or flying alongside structures, the occupants witness the world from a perspective that is both thrilling and practical.

In the engineering of helicopters, the margin for error is minimal. Fastening, inserting, and locating components are meticulous processes that engineers undertake to guarantee the safety and reliability of these aerial vehicles. Every part must be securely fastened to contain the forces generated during flight.

Inside the cockpit, engineers have designed sophisticated control systems, allowing pilots to suspend the helicopter in mid-air or navigate smoothly through the sky. The careful engineering of these systems ensures that helicopters can be situated precisely where needed, making them indispensable in various applications, from transport to emergency services.

In conclusion, helicopters represent a pinnacle of engineering achievement, where components are assembled with precision to create a versatile flying machine. The engineering principles behind helicopters involve a careful balance of lift, control, and safety measures, making them an essential and awe-inspiring aspect of modern aviation.

1.What is the primary focus of the text about helicopters?

a) The history of helicopter development.           b) The engineering aspects of helicopters.

c) The different types of helicopters.                   d) The recreational uses of helicopters.

2.How is the term "incident" used in the context of helicopters?

a) Referring to accidents and crashes.                              b) Describing routine operational procedures.

c) Highlighting successful engineering achievements.    d) Signifying unexpected events during flights.

3.What engineering concept distinguishes helicopters from fixed-wing aircraft?

a) Ballast control.      b) Incremental adjustments.      c) Vertical lift.         d) Self-assembly.

4.What is the equivalent of a floating platform in the context of helicopters?

a) Fastening mechanism.     b) Rotor blades.        c) Altitude control.       d) Hovering capability.

5.What is the primary purpose of the projecting power of rotor blades in helicopters?

a) Generating lift for controlled flight.                b) Providing aesthetics during flight.

c) Enhancing fuel efficiency.                               d) Creating a spectacle for onlookers.

6.How do engineers control altitude in helicopters?

a) By adjusting the harness.                                                    b) Through fastening rotor blades.

c) Utilizing ballast and making incremental adjustments.      d) Relying on self-assembly mechanisms.

7.What is the role of materials and self-assembly techniques in helicopter engineering?

a) Enhancing structural integrity.                b) Providing comfort to occupants.

c) Facilitating rapid ascent.                         d) Increasing hover time.

8.What perspective do occupants of a helicopter experience during flight?

a) Subterranean views.      b) Aerial views adjacent to landscapes.        c) Limited visibility.

Answers and Explanations:

1.What is the primary focus of the text about helicopters?

•Correct Answer: b) The engineering aspects of helicopters.

•Explanation: The text primarily discusses helicopters in the context of engineering, highlighting their design, components, and technological aspects.

2.How is the term "incident" used in the context of helicopters?

•Correct Answer: d) Signifying unexpected events during flights.

•Explanation: In the text, "incident" is used to describe unexpected events that may occur during helicopter flights, emphasizing the need for safety measures.

3.What engineering concept distinguishes helicopters from fixed-wing aircraft?

•Correct Answer: c) Vertical lift.

•Explanation: Unlike fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters can achieve vertical lift, allowing them to take off and hover, a distinctive feature discussed in the text.

4.What is the equivalent of a floating platform in the context of helicopters?

•Correct Answer: b) Rotor blades.

•Explanation: The text refers to the hovering capability of helicopters as the equivalent of a floating platform, and this capability is achieved through the rotation of rotor blades.

5.What is the primary purpose of the projecting power of rotor blades in helicopters?

•Correct Answer: a) Generating lift for controlled flight.

•Explanation: The projecting power of rotor blades is essential for generating lift, allowing helicopters to achieve controlled flight, as discussed in the text.

6.How do engineers control altitude in helicopters?

•Correct Answer: c) Utilizing ballast and making incremental adjustments.

•Explanation: Altitude control in helicopters involves the careful manipulation of ballast and making incremental adjustments, as mentioned in the text.

7.What is the role of materials and self-assembly techniques in helicopter engineering?

•Correct Answer: a) Enhancing structural integrity.

•Explanation: Materials and self-assembly techniques in helicopter engineering contribute to enhancing the structural integrity of the aircraft, as discussed in the text.

8.What perspective do occupants of a helicopter experience during flight?

•Correct Answer: b) Aerial views adjacent to landscapes.

•Explanation: The text mentions that occupants experience a unique vantage point, hovering adjacent to landscapes, providing them with breathtaking aerial view