Unit 2 Vocabulary pp 14-15 – Materials technology – Describing specific materials
Please give feedback to Instructor Ali Esin SÜT – aliesins@gmail.com
The definitions and sample sentences:
1. Materials Technology (n): The study and application of knowledge related to the properties and uses of materials in engineering and industry.
• Sample Sentence: Materials technology has enabled us to develop stronger and more durable construction materials.
2. Break up (v): To separate something into smaller parts or pieces.
• Sample Sentence: The engineer had to break up the large rock into smaller chunks for easier transport.
3. Demolish (v): To completely destroy or tear down a structure or building.
• Sample Sentence: The old factory was demolished to make way for a new industrial complex.
4. Scrap (v): To discard or get rid of something as waste or no longer useful.
• Sample Sentence: The project required us to scrap the old machinery and replace it with newer equipment. 5. Scrap (n): Discarded or waste material that is no longer useful., often suitable for recycling.
• Sample Sentence: The recycling plant collected scrap metal to process and reuse.
6. Sort (v): To arrange or classify items into different categories based on their characteristics.
• Sample Sentence: The engineer needed to sort the various types of bolts by size and thread type.
7. Recover (v): To retrieve or regain something that was lost or damaged.
• Sample Sentence: Efforts were made to recover valuable components from the damaged machine.
8. High-grade (adj): Referring to materials or resources of superior quality or purity.
• Sample Sentence: High-grade steel is often used in demanding engineering applications due to its strength.
9. Traces of (n): very small and visible or measurable amounts of something.
• Sample Sentences: Even tiny traces of contaminants can affect the quality of the water supply. The scientists found traces of gold in the ore sample
10. Scarcity (n): A condition of limited availability or shortage.
• Sample Sentence: The scarcity of rare earth metals can impact the production of electronic devices.
11. Scarce (adj): In short supply, not readily available, not available in large quantities.
• Sample Sentence: In some regions, clean drinking water is scarce, and people must rely on alternative sources.
12. Justify (v): To provide a valid reason or explanation for an action or decision.
• Sample Sentence: The engineer needed to justify the cost of upgrading the manufacturing process.
13. Pure (adj): Free from impurities, uncontaminated, without any other substances mixed in.
• Sample Sentence: Pure copper is an excellent conductor of electricity.
14. Alloy (n): A mixture of two or more metals or a metal and another element, resulting in enhanced properties.
• Sample Sentence: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, known for its strength and durability.
15. Derive from (v): To come from or have its origins in something.
• Sample Sentence: Many modern engineering materials derive from ancient technologies and discoveries.
16. Energy-Intensive (adj): Requiring a significant amount of energy for production or use.
• Sample Sentence: The production of aluminum is highly energy-intensive due to the smelting process.
17. Extract (v): To remove or obtain a substance or component from a source material.
• Sample Sentence: Engineers extract valuable minerals from ores to use in various industrial applications.
18. Ore (n): A naturally occurring material from which a valuable substance, such as metal, can be extracted.
• Sample Sentence: The mining company extracted iron ore from the ground for steel production.
19. Hardwood (n): Wood from deciduous trees, known for its strength and durability. Wood from trees that grow slowly and have dense wood.
• Sample Sentence: Hardwood is often used in furniture construction due to its resilience. 20. Softwood (n): Wood from coniferous trees, typically lighter and less dense than hardwood. Wood from trees that grow quickly and have less dense wood.
• Sample Sentence: Softwood is commonly used for framing in construction projects.
21. Ironmongery (n): Hardware items made of iron or other metals, often used in construction and engineering.
• Sample Sentence: The engineer needed to select suitable ironmongery for securing the doors.
22. Saw (v): To cut or shape materials using a serrated blade.
• Sample Sentence: Engineers often use saws to cut metal and wood to the required dimensions.
23. Plane Off (v): To smooth or level a surface using a tool called a plane.
• Sample Sentence: The carpenter needed to plane off the rough edges of the wooden plank.
24. Grind Into (v): To reduce a material to small particles or powder using a grinding machine.
• Sample Sentence: The engineer used a grinder to grind steel into a fine powder for a metallurgical experiment.
25. Crumb (n): A small piece or fragment, often referring to small particles of something.
• Sample Sentence: The crumbling concrete produced fine crumbs, indicating structural weakness.
26. Low-Grade (adj): Referring to materials or resources of lower quality or purity.
• Sample Sentence: The engineer had to choose between high-grade and low-grade steel for the project, considering cost and durability.
27. Rust (v): To corrode or deteriorate metal surfaces due to exposure to moisture and oxygen.
• Sample Sentence: Engineers use special coatings to prevent metal components from rusting in humid environments.
28. Rust (n): The reddish-brown coating that forms on the surface of iron and steel when they corrode.
• Sample Sentence: The presence of rust on the metal bridge indicated a need for maintenance and repair.
Instructions: Read the sentences carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the list below (B1 level).
a) sort b) ironmongery c) ore d) extract e) hardwood f) demolish g) traces h) energy-intensive i) scrap
j) pure k) alloys l) low-grade
1. Engineers use a variety of materials in their work, including metals, plastics, ceramics, and __________.
2. The old bridge was ________ed to make way for a new one.
3. The production of aluminum is an ________ process.
4. Miners ________ gold from ore.
5. ________ is a type of wood that comes from trees that grow slowly and have dense wood.
6. ________ is a term used to describe hardware, such as nails, screws, and hinges.
7. ________ materials are of poor quality.
8. ________ is a rock or mineral that contains a valuable metal.
9. ________ metals are metals that have been mixed with other metals to improve their properties.
10. ________ materials are waste materials that can be recycled.
11. It is important to ________ waste materials before recycling them.
12. ________ of gold were found in the riverbed.
Answers:
1. alloys
2. demolished
3. energy-intensive
4. extract
5. hardwood
6. ironmongery
7. low-grade
8. ore
9. pure
10. scrap
11. sort
12. traces
Read the sentences carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the list below (B2 level). Check hints in the parantheses to find the correct word.
“break up sth (v); sort (v); alloy (n); grind into (v); traces of sth (n); scrap (v); scarcity (n); recover (v); high-grade (adj); softwood (n); derive from (v); justify (v)"
1. The engineer had to ________________ the old machinery to salvage any reusable components. (Separate into smaller parts)
2. When working with various metals, it's essential to understand the properties of each ________________. (A combination of different metals)
3. The lab equipment allowed us to ________________ the materials down to a fine powder for analysis. (Reduce something to smaller particles)
4. Even though the experiment was successful, there were only ________________ of the rare element in the samples. (Small amounts or signs of something)
5. In the workshop, they needed to ________________ the different types of bolts and nuts. (Organize or categorize)
6. The ________________ of certain materials can pose challenges for construction projects. (A shortage or insufficiency)
7. It's important to ________________ as much of the scrap metal as possible to minimize waste. (Collect or reclaim)
8. To build a sturdy wooden frame, softwood like pine is often chosen due to its availability and affordability. (Wood from evergreen trees)
9. The data suggested that the project's environmental benefits ________________ the additional costs. (Give a valid reason for)
10. The ________________ alloy used in aerospace applications combines several metals to achieve exceptional strength and durability. (of a superior quality)
Answers:
1. break up
2. alloy
3. grind into
4. traces of
5. sort
6. scarcity
7. recover
8. softwood
9. justify
10. high-grade
Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):
"The Role of Materials in Sustainable Engineering"
In the realm of engineering, materials technology plays a pivotal role in ensuring the durability and efficiency of various structures. Engineers often need to break up old materials to make way for new ones in construction and renovations. For instance, when old buildings are beyond repair, it becomes necessary to demolish them completely. However, it's important to consider recycling options and recover as much scrap as possible to reduce waste.
One of the significant challenges engineers face is managing the scarcity of certain materials. Materials like high-grade steel or pure copper can be scarce and expensive. This scarcity is often due to the energy-intensive processes required for extracting these resources from ores in the earth. To justify the use of such materials, engineers must carefully assess whether they are essential for a project or if more readily available alternatives, such as softwood, can be used effectively.
Engineers also have to deal with materials that rust over time. Rust can weaken structures, making regular inspections crucial to identify and address any corrosion. Additionally, the choice of ironmongery, like rust-resistant door hinges and locks, is vital to prevent the rapid corrosion of key components. Regular maintenance and inspections help ensure that structures remain safe and free from the traces of rust.
In the construction of wooden structures, the choice between hardwood and softwood depends on factors like cost and availability. Hardwood, derived from deciduous trees, is often preferred for its strength and durability, while softwood, from coniferous trees, is chosen for its abundance. Engineers sort through the available wood resources to choose the most suitable for a given project. They may need to saw, plane off, or grind into the wood to create the desired shapes and sizes.
In conclusion, materials technology is a fundamental aspect of engineering, with decisions about material choice and resource management affecting the sustainability and cost of projects. Engineers must consider factors like scarcity, energy intensity, and the need for high-grade materials while also addressing issues like rust and the choice between hardwood and softwood. This holistic approach is essential to create safe and durable structures.
1. According to the text, why do engineers sometimes need to break up old materials in construction and renovation projects?
• a) To create a cleaner work environment.
• b) To recover valuable materials for recycling.
• c) To eliminate the need for materials entirely.
• d) To reduce the need for maintenance.
2. What is the significance of materials technology in engineering, as mentioned in the text?
• a) It ensures the availability of materials for all projects.
• b) It plays a pivotal role in ensuring the durability and efficiency of structures.
• c) It minimizes the need for regular inspections.
• d) It primarily focuses on energy consumption.
3. How can engineers address the issue of scarcity of certain materials in their projects?
• a) By using materials with high-grade quality.
• b) By justifying the use of scarce materials.
• c) By avoiding projects that require such materials.
• d) By increasing energy-intensive processes.
4. In the context of the text, what role does regular maintenance and inspections play in engineering?
• a) They help identify and address corrosion and other issues in structures.
• b) They are mainly for aesthetic purposes.
• c) They are required by law but have no real impact.
• d) They add unnecessary costs to construction projects.
5. Why is the choice of ironmongery important in preventing the corrosion of key components in structures?
• a) It adds an aesthetic touch to the structure.
• b) It helps reduce energy consumption.
• c) It can lead to increased costs.
• d) It prevents the rapid corrosion of key components.
6. What are the primary differences between hardwood and softwood, as explained in the text?
• a) Hardwood is cheaper but less durable.
• b) Softwood is preferred for its strength and durability.
• c) Hardwood is from coniferous trees, and softwood is from deciduous trees.
• d) Hardwood is often chosen for its abundance.
7. According to the text, what are the potential consequences of rust on structures, and how can engineers deal with it?
• a) Rust can weaken structures, and regular inspections and addressing corrosion are essential.
• b) Rust has no significant consequences on structures.
• c) Engineers must demolish structures affected by rust.
• d) Rust can be prevented by using low-grade materials.
8. What key factors influence an engineer's decision when choosing between high-grade and readily available materials for a project, as discussed in the text?
• a) Energy consumption and aesthetics.
• b) The engineer's personal preference.
• c) Cost, availability, and project requirements.
• d) The availability of rust-resistant materials.
Answers and explanations:
1. According to the text, why do engineers sometimes need to break up old materials in construction and renovation projects?
• Answer: b) To recover valuable materials for recycling.
• Explanation: Engineers may break up old materials to recover valuable components and materials for recycling or reuse, which can reduce waste and environmental impact. This is mentioned in the text as a sustainable practice in construction.
2. What is the significance of materials technology in engineering, as mentioned in the text?
• Answer: b) It plays a pivotal role in ensuring the durability and efficiency of structures.
• Explanation: The text highlights the importance of materials technology in engineering for ensuring the durability and efficiency of structures. It's a fundamental aspect of engineering that contributes to the quality and performance of projects.
3. How can engineers address the issue of scarcity of certain materials in their projects?
• Answer: b) By justifying the use of scarce materials.
• Explanation: Engineers can address the scarcity of certain materials by justifying their use when they are essential for a project. This suggests that they carefully evaluate the necessity of using scarce materials to minimize waste.
4. In the context of the text, what role does regular maintenance and inspections play in engineering?
• Answer: a) They help identify and address corrosion and other issues in structures.
• Explanation: Regular maintenance and inspections are essential in engineering as they help identify and address issues like corrosion, ensuring the safety and longevity of structures. This is a key point in the text.
5. Why is the choice of ironmongery important in preventing the corrosion of key components in structures?
• Answer: d) It prevents the rapid corrosion of key components.
• Explanation: The text suggests that choosing the right ironmongery (such as rust-resistant components) is important as it prevents the rapid corrosion of key components, ensuring the structural integrity of the building.
6. What are the primary differences between hardwood and softwood, as explained in the text?
• Answer: a) Hardwood is from coniferous trees, and softwood is from deciduous trees.
• Explanation: The text explains that hardwood comes from deciduous trees, which lose their leaves seasonally, and is known for its strength and durability. Softwood, on the other hand, comes from coniferous trees and is used for its abundance.
7. According to the text, what are the potential consequences of rust on structures, and how can engineers deal with it?
• Answer: a) Rust can weaken structures, and regular inspections and addressing corrosion are essential.
• Explanation: The text mentions that rust can weaken structures, and to deal with it, engineers must conduct regular inspections and address corrosion to maintain the safety and integrity of the structures.
8. What key factors influence an engineer's decision when choosing between high-grade and readily available materials for a project, as discussed in the text?
• Answer: c) Cost, availability, and project requirements.
• Explanation: The text highlights that when choosing between high-grade and readily available materials, engineers consider factors like cost, availability, and project requirements. These factors influence their decisions and material choices for a given project.
Read the text below and answer the questions (B2 level):
"Materials Selection in Sustainable Engineering"
In the field of engineering, materials technology is a critical aspect of ensuring the success of any construction or manufacturing project. Engineers often find themselves faced with the challenge of selecting the most suitable materials for their projects. To do so, they must break up the multitude of options and consider factors like durability, cost, and environmental impact.
When old structures are no longer functional, engineers may decide to demolish them entirely. During this process, they focus on the efficient recovery of valuable materials. By doing so, they avoid sending excessive amounts of scrap to landfills. This sustainable approach not only reduces waste but also contributes to resource conservation.
One key consideration in materials selection is the scarcity of certain high-grade materials. While these materials offer superior qualities, their limited availability can pose challenges. Engineers must justify the use of such scarce materials, taking into account project requirements and budget constraints. Additionally, they explore alternatives such as pure metals or alloys, derived from more abundant sources.
The energy-intensive nature of material extraction from ores is another factor that engineers need to address. Certain ores require substantial energy inputs for extraction and refinement. This aspect underscores the importance of optimizing processes to minimize energy consumption and reduce the environmental impact of material production.
In construction and woodworking, the choice between hardwood and softwood can significantly impact project outcomes. Hardwood, derived from deciduous trees, is known for its strength and durability, making it an excellent choice for structural elements. In contrast, softwood, derived from coniferous trees, is favored for its availability and affordability.
The role of ironmongery, including nuts, bolts, and fasteners, should not be underestimated in engineering projects. Selecting rust-resistant ironmongery is crucial for preventing the corrosion of vital components. Regular inspections and maintenance ensure the long-term integrity of structures and machinery.
In summary, materials selection in engineering involves a careful process of sorting through various options, considering factors like scarcity, energy intensity, and the potential for recycling. Engineers must justify their material choices based on project requirements and environmental considerations. By making informed decisions, they contribute to the sustainability and efficiency of their projects.
1. According to the text, why is materials technology crucial in engineering projects?
• a) To increase the cost of projects.
• b) To select materials at random.
• c) To ensure the success and efficiency of projects.
• d) To make projects more complex.
2. When engineers decide to demolish old structures, what is their primary focus during the process?
• a) Reducing costs.
• b) Efficiently recovering valuable materials.
• c) Speeding up the demolition.
• d) Sending scrap to landfills.
3. What is the environmental benefit of efficiently recovering valuable materials during demolition?
• a) It increases waste sent to landfills.
• b) It contributes to resource conservation and reduces waste.
• c) It accelerates the demolition process.
• d) It raises costs significantly.
4. How can engineers address the challenge of scarcity of high-grade materials?
• a) By avoiding such materials in their projects.
• b) By justifying their use and exploring alternatives.
• c) By increasing the production of high-grade materials.
• d) By ignoring project requirements.
5. What is the primary issue associated with the energy-intensive nature of material extraction?
• a) It reduces the quality of materials.
• b) It leads to decreased environmental impact.
• c) It requires optimization to minimize energy consumption.
• d) It has no impact on material production.
6. According to the text, what factors should engineers consider when choosing between hardwood and softwood for a project?
• a) Cost and appearance.
• b) Durability and affordability.
• c) Availability and the number of trees used.
• d) Sustainability and energy efficiency.
7. Why is the choice of rust-resistant ironmongery important in engineering projects?
• a) It's a cost-saving measure.
• b) It has no real impact on project outcomes.
• c) It ensures project complexity.
• d) It prevents the corrosion of vital components.
8. In summary, what do engineers contribute to by making informed material choices in their projects?
• a) Complexity and delays.
• b) Environmental damage.
• c) Sustainability and efficiency.
• d) Inefficiency and high costs.
Answers and explanations:
1. According to the text, why is materials technology crucial in engineering projects?
• Answer: c) To ensure the success and efficiency of projects.
• Explanation: The text highlights that materials technology is critical for ensuring the success and efficiency of engineering projects. Proper materials selection contributes to project success by ensuring that the chosen materials meet project requirements, both in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness.
2. When engineers decide to demolish old structures, what is their primary focus during the process?
• Answer: b) Efficiently recovering valuable materials.
• Explanation: During the demolition of old structures, engineers focus on efficiently recovering valuable materials. This sustainable practice reduces waste and contributes to resource conservation by recycling materials for reuse.
3. What is the environmental benefit of efficiently recovering valuable materials during demolition?
• Answer: b) It contributes to resource conservation and reduces waste.
• Explanation: Recovering valuable materials during demolition is environmentally beneficial because it reduces waste and contributes to resource conservation. This practice minimizes the environmental impact by reusing materials.
4. How can engineers address the challenge of scarcity of high-grade materials?
• Answer: b) By justifying their use and exploring alternatives.
• Explanation: Engineers can address the challenge of scarce high-grade materials by justifying their use when necessary and exploring alternatives. This approach ensures the efficient use of materials while considering project requirements.
5. What is the primary issue associated with the energy-intensive nature of material extraction?
• Answer: c) It requires optimization to minimize energy consumption.
• Explanation: The text suggests that the primary issue with the energy-intensive nature of material extraction is the need for optimization to minimize energy consumption. This is crucial to reduce the environmental impact and energy usage in material production.
6. According to the text, what factors should engineers consider when choosing between hardwood and softwood for a project?
• Answer: b) Durability and affordability.
• Explanation: Engineers should consider factors like durability and affordability when choosing between hardwood and softwood for a project. The text emphasizes that these are key considerations in the selection process.
7. Why is the choice of rust-resistant ironmongery important in engineering projects?
• Answer: d) It prevents the corrosion of vital components.
• Explanation: The choice of rust-resistant ironmongery is important because it prevents the corrosion of vital components in engineering projects. This ensures the long-term integrity and performance of the structures.
8. In summary, what do engineers contribute to by making informed material choices in their projects?
• Answer: c) Sustainability and efficiency.
• Explanation: Engineers contribute to sustainability and efficiency in their projects by making informed material choices. This ensures that projects are environmentally responsible and cost-effective while meeting their intended goals.
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