LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 2 – Materials technology
Vocabulary pp.16-17 – Categorising materials
The definitions and sample sentences:
1. Go green (verb):
Definition: To adopt environmentally friendly practices or technologies to reduce environmental impact. Turkish: Çevreye zarar vermeyen uygulamalar veya teknolojiler benimsemek. Sample Sentence: Many industries are going green by using solar panels to reduce their energy consumption. Turkish: Birçok endüstri, enerji tüketimini azaltmak için güneş panelleri kullanarak çevre dostu hale geliyor.
2. Efficiency (noun):
Definition: The ability to achieve maximum output with minimum wasted resources or effort. Turkish: Minimum kaynak veya çabayla maksimum çıktıya ulaşma yeteneği. Sample Sentence: Improving the efficiency of the engine led to significant fuel savings. Turkish: Motorun verimliliğini artırmak, önemli ölçüde yakıt tasarrufu sağladı.
3. Efficient (adjective):
Definition: Performing a task with minimal waste and optimal use of resources. Turkish: Bir görevi minimum israfla ve kaynakları en verimli şekilde kullanarak gerçekleştirme. Sample Sentence: This energy-efficient refrigerator consumes less electricity. Turkish: Bu enerji tasarruflu buzdolabı daha az elektrik tüketiyor.
4. Effective (adjective):
Definition: Producing the intended result or achieving the desired outcome. Turkish: İstenilen sonucu üretme veya hedeflenen sonuca ulaşma. Sample Sentence: The new manufacturing process proved to be more effective in reducing defects. Turkish: Yeni üretim süreci, kusurları azaltmada daha etkili olduğunu kanıtladı.
5. Ecological (adjective):
Definition: Related to the environment and its interaction with living organisms. Turkish: Çevre ve canlı organizmalar arasındaki etkileşimle ilgili. Sample Sentence: The ecological impact of the construction project was carefully assessed to protect local wildlife. Turkish: İnşaat projesinin ekolojik etkisi, yerel yaban hayatını korumak için dikkatle değerlendirildi.
6. Generate (verb):
Definition: To produce or create something, such as energy or data. Turkish: Enerji veya veri gibi bir şey üretmek ya da oluşturmak. Sample Sentence: Wind turbines generate electricity from the power of the wind. Turkish: Rüzgar türbinleri, rüzgarın gücünden elektrik üretir.
7. Regenerate (verb):
Definition: To restore, renew, or recreate something to its original state. Turkish: Bir şeyi orijinal haline geri getirmek, yenilemek veya yeniden oluşturmak.
Sample Sentence: This system can regenerate the battery power during braking. Turkish: Bu sistem, frenleme sırasında pil gücünü yeniden üretebilir.
8. Regenerative (adjective):
Definition: Capable of renewing or restoring energy or resources. Turkish: Enerjiyi veya kaynakları yenileyebilme veya geri kazandırabilme yeteneği olan. Sample Sentence: The regenerative braking system recovers energy during deceleration. Turkish: Rejeneratif fren sistemi, yavaşlama sırasında enerjiyi geri kazanır.
9. Regenerative braking (noun):
Definition: A technology that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy during braking. Turkish: Frenleme sırasında kinetik enerjiyi elektrik enerjisine dönüştüren bir teknoloji. Sample Sentence: Electric vehicles often use regenerative braking to increase efficiency. Turkish: Elektrikli araçlar, verimliliği artırmak için genellikle rejeneratif frenleme kullanır.
10. Deceleration (noun):
Definition: The act of slowing down or reducing speed. Turkish: Hızın yavaşlaması veya azaltılması. Sample Sentence: Smooth deceleration is essential for passenger safety in cars. Turkish: Arabalarda yolcu güvenliği için düzgün bir yavaşlama gereklidir.
11. Subsequent (adjective):
Definition: Occurring or following in sequence or time. Turkish: Ardışık olarak meydana gelen veya bir şeyin ardından gelen. Sample Sentence: Subsequent tests confirmed the initial results of the experiment. Turkish: Sonraki testler, deneyin ilk sonuçlarını doğruladı.
12. Acceleration (noun):
Definition: The rate of change of velocity, leading to an increase in speed. Turkish: Hız değişim oranı, hızın artmasına neden olan. Sample Sentence: The rocket experienced rapid acceleration during liftoff. Turkish: Roket, kalkış sırasında hızlı bir ivme yaşadı.
13. Inherent (adjective):
Definition: Existing as a natural or essential characteristic. Turkish: Doğal veya temel bir özellik olarak var olan. Sample Sentence: The inherent strength of the material made it suitable for construction. Turkish: Malzemenin doğal dayanıklılığı, onu inşaat için uygun hale getirdi.
14. Comprise (verb):
Definition: To consist of or be made up of various components or elements. Turkish: Farklı bileşenlerden veya unsurlardan oluşmak. Sample Sentence: The team comprises engineers, designers, and project managers. Turkish: Ekip, mühendisler, tasarımcılar ve proje yöneticilerinden oluşuyor.
15. Composite (noun):
Definition: A material made by combining different components to achieve specific properties. Turkish: Belirli özellikler elde etmek için farklı bileşenlerin birleştirilmesiyle yapılan bir malzeme. Sample Sentence: Composite materials are commonly used in aerospace for their strength and lightweight properties. Turkish: Kompozit malzemeler, mukavemet ve hafiflik özellikleri nedeniyle havacılıkta yaygın olarak kullanılır.
16. Friction (noun):
Definition: The force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion between two surfaces in contact. Turkish: İki yüzey arasındaki göreli harekete karşı koyan kuvvet. Sample Sentence: Reducing friction between moving parts is essential to increase the efficiency of machinery. Turkish: Hareketli parçalar arasındaki sürtünmeyi azaltmak, makinenin verimliliğini artırmak için önemlidir.
17. Phenomenon (noun):
Definition: A natural or observable event or occurrence. Turkish: Doğal veya gözlemlenebilir bir olay ya da olgu. Sample Sentence: The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is the basis for many electrical devices. Turkish: Elektromanyetik indüksiyon olgusu, birçok elektrikli cihazın temelidir.
18. Dissipate (verb):
Definition: To scatter, disperse, or release energy or heat in a controlled manner to reduce or eliminate excess heat or energy generated within a system or device. Turkish: Enerji veya ısıyı kontrollü bir şekilde yaymak veya dağıtmak, aşırı ısıyı azaltmak ya da ortadan kaldırmak. Sample Sentence: It is crucial to design efficient cooling systems that can dissipate excess heat from electronic components, ensuring the longevity and reliability of the devices. Turkish: Elektronik bileşenlerden aşırı ısıyı dağıtabilecek verimli soğutma sistemleri tasarlamak, cihazların uzun ömürlülüğünü ve güvenilirliğini sağlamak açısından çok önemlidir.
19. Exhaust (noun):
Definition: The gaseous byproducts expelled from an engine, often including harmful emissions. Turkish: Genellikle zararlı emisyonlar içeren bir motorun dışarı attığı gazlı yan ürünler. Sample Sentence: Modern cars use catalytic converters to reduce exhaust emissions. Turkish: Modern arabalar, egzoz emisyonlarını azaltmak için katalitik konvertörler kullanır.
20. Exhaust system (noun):
Definition: A set of components that manage the flow of waste gases produced by an internal combustion engine. Turkish: Bir içten yanmalı motor tarafından üretilen atık gazların akışını yöneten bileşenler seti. Sample Sentence: In automotive engineering, the exhaust system plays a crucial role in reducing harmful emissions by channeling exhaust gases through a catalytic converter, which helps to minimize pollution released into the atmosphere. Turkish: Otomotiv mühendisliğinde, egzoz sistemi, atık gazları katalitik konvertörden geçirerek zararlı emisyonları azaltmada hayati bir rol oynar.
21. Exploitation (noun):
Definition: The use of technology to achieve its full potential or to benefit society. Turkish: Bir teknolojinin tam potansiyeline ulaşması veya topluma fayda sağlaması için kullanılması. Sample Sentence: The engineer worked to improve the exploitation of the new manufacturing technology, which resulted in a significant increase in production output. Turkish: Mühendis, yeni üretim teknolojisinin kullanımını iyileştirmek için çalıştı ve bu, üretim çıktısında önemli bir artışa yol açtı.
22. Heat soak (noun):
Definition: The process of a component absorbing heat from its surroundings. Turkish: Bir bileşenin çevresinden ısı emme süreci.
Sample Sentence: The engine block undergoes heat soak, reducing warm-up time in cold weather. Turkish: Motor bloğu ısı emiliminden geçerek soğuk havada ısınma süresini kısaltır.
23. Chassis (noun):
Definition: The frame or structure of a vehicle or machine, to which other components are attached. Turkish: Bir araç veya makinenin, diğer bileşenlerin bağlandığı iskelet veya yapısı. Sample Sentence: The chassis of the car is designed for stability and safety. Turkish: Arabanın şasisi, stabilite ve güvenlik için tasarlanmıştır.
24. Delicate (adjective):
Definition: Easily damaged or sensitive, requiring careful handling. Turkish: Kolayca zarar görebilen veya hassas olan, dikkatli bir şekilde ele alınması gereken. Sample Sentence: Delicate electronic components should be stored in an anti-static environment. Turkish: Hassas elektronik bileşenler, anti-statik bir ortamda saklanmalıdır.
25. To be susceptible to (verb):
Definition: Prone to being affected by something; to be unprotected against something. Turkish: Bir şeyden etkilenmeye eğilimli olmak; bir şeye karşı korunmasız olmak. Sample Sentence: Steel structures are susceptible to corrosion if not properly maintained. Turkish: Çelik yapılar, düzgün bir şekilde bakımı yapılmazsa korozyona eğilimlidir.
26. Reinforced (adjective):
Definition: Strengthened by adding extra support or materials. Turkish: Ekstra destek veya malzeme eklenerek güçlendirilmiş. Sample Sentence: The reinforced concrete structure can withstand high loads. Turkish: Güçlendirilmiş beton yapı, yüksek yüklere dayanabilir.
27. Insulation (noun):
Definition: Material used to prevent the transfer of heat, sound, or electricity. Turkish: Isı, ses veya elektriğin iletimini önlemek için kullanılan malzeme. Sample Sentence: Proper insulation in buildings helps maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. Turkish: Binalarda doğru yalıtım, iç mekanda konforlu bir sıcaklığı korumaya yardımcı olur.
28. Waterproof (adjective):
Definition: The ability to prevent the passage of water or other liquids into or through a material or structure. Turkish: Su veya diğer sıvıların bir malzemeye ya da yapıya geçişini önleme yeteneği. Sample Sentence: The waterproof seal on this device protects it from water damage. Turkish: Bu cihazdaki su geçirmez conta, su hasarından korunmasını sağlar.
29. Membrane (noun):
Definition: A thin, flexible sheet or layer that separates or covers components. Turkish: Bileşenleri ayıran veya kaplayan ince ve esnek bir tabaka. Sample Sentence: The cell membrane controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. Turkish: Hücre zarı, maddelerin hücreye giriş çıkışını kontrol eder.
30. Outer Jacket (noun):
Definition: The protective covering of a cable or wire. Turkish: Bir kablonun veya telin koruyucu kılıfı. Sample Sentence: The outer jacket of the fiber optic cable provides protection from physical damage. Turkish: Fiber optik kablonun dış kılıfı, fiziksel hasardan koruma sağlar.
31. Armoured protection (noun):
Definition: A layer of protective material, often metal, used to shield against damage or impact. Turkish: Zarar veya darbeye karşı koruma sağlamak için genellikle metalden yapılan bir koruyucu katman. Sample Sentence: Armoured protection is essential in military vehicles to safeguard occupants. Turkish: Zırhlı koruma, askeri araçlarda yolcuları korumak için hayati önem taşır.
32. Conductor (noun):
Definition: Material or component that allows the flow of electricity or heat. Turkish: Elektrik veya ısının akışına izin veren malzeme veya bileşen. Sample Sentence: Copper is a common conductor used in electrical wiring. Turkish: Bakır, elektrik tesisatında kullanılan yaygın bir iletkendir.
33. Polyethylene (noun):
Definition: A type of plastic known for its flexibility and resistance to moisture. Turkish: Esnekliği ve neme karşı direnciyle bilinen bir plastik türü. Sample Sentence: Polyethylene is used in various applications, including plastic bags and water pipes. Turkish: Polietilen, plastik poşetler ve su boruları dahil olmak üzere çeşitli uygulamalarda kullanılır.
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level)
"Green Engineering: Innovations in Eco-Friendly Practices"
"Engineering plays a crucial role in adopting eco-friendly practices. Many industries are striving to 'go green' by using regenerative systems to improve efficiency. For instance, regenerative braking in electric vehicles captures energy during deceleration, which can then be regenerated and reused, making the vehicles more efficient and effective in terms of energy consumption.
Additionally, engineers focus on creating products with ecological benefits. They aim to use materials that are inherently sustainable and eco-friendly. Many items are now being made from recyclable or biodegradable composites. This not only lessens the depletion of natural resources but also helps to dissipate environmental impact.
In engineering, exploitation of technologies is at the core of innovation. Engineers employ cutting-edge methods to harness the full potential of these technologies. They use them to develop new products and services that benefit society, improve productivity, and solve complex engineering problems. This exploitation of technology is a driving force behind the progress in the field, ensuring that new advancements have a positive impact on our world.
Insulation is another important aspect of green engineering. Waterproof and heat-resistant materials, like membranes with reinforced outer jackets, are used to ensure better energy efficiency and protect delicate electronic components. These materials also contribute to extending the lifespan of devices by reducing the heat soak and friction, which can be detrimental to their performance.
In conclusion, engineering, with its innovative designs and eco-conscious solutions, is at the forefront of making our world more environmentally friendly and sustainable. It comprises a wide range of practices and technologies that promote efficiency, minimize waste, and harness the regenerative power of nature, resulting in a positive environmental phenomenon."
1.What is the main focus of the text?
a. The history of engineering b.Eco-friendly practices in engineering
c. The role of regenerative braking in engineering d.Materials used in insulation
2.What does "exploitation of technologies" refer to in the text?
a. Employing technology to achieve its full potential
b. Utilizing technology for personal gain
c. Using technology to harm the environment
d. Exploiting natural resources for technological advancements
3.How does regenerative braking work in electric vehicles?
a. It captures energy during acceleration.
b. It stores energy for later use.
c. It converts energy during deceleration and reuses it.
d. It reduces the need for brakes in electric vehicles.
4.What is the primary purpose of using eco-friendly materials in engineering?
a. To reduce the lifespan of products
b. To increase friction between components
c. To enhance heat soak in electronic devices
d. To minimize environmental impact and promote sustainability
5.How do engineers use regenerative systems to improve efficiency?
a. By creating new materials
b. By reducing the lifespan of devices
c. By developing new products and services
d. By capturing and reusing energy during specific processes
6.In the context of engineering, what does "to go green" mean?
a. To create innovative products
b. To focus on sustainability and eco-friendliness
c. To increase the use of non-renewable resources
d. To disregard environmental concerns
7.What does the text emphasize regarding insulation in engineering?
a. The use of materials that promote energy efficiency
b. The reduction of recycling efforts
c. The need for thicker cables
d. The exclusion of waterproof materials
8.How does green engineering contribute to environmental sustainability?
a. By exploiting natural resources extensively
b. By focusing on disposable products
c. By minimizing waste and promoting eco-conscious solutions
d. By disregarding technological advancements
Answers and explanations:
1.What is the main focus of the text?
Answer: b. Eco-friendly practices in engineering
Explanation: The text primarily discusses eco-friendly practices in engineering, including the use of regenerative systems, sustainable materials, and insulation.
2.What does "exploitation of technologies" refer to in the text?
Answer: a. Employing technology to achieve its full potential
Explanation: In the context of the text, "exploitation of technologies" means using technology to its maximum potential or to benefit society.
3.How does regenerative braking work in electric vehicles?
Answer: c. It converts energy during deceleration and reuses it.
Explanation: Regenerative braking captures energy during the vehicle's deceleration and converts it into a usable form, which is then reused to improve efficiency.
4.What is the primary purpose of using eco-friendly materials in engineering?
Answer: d. To minimize environmental impact and promote sustainability
Explanation: The primary goal of using eco-friendly materials in engineering is to reduce the environmental impact and promote sustainability by using materials that are less harmful to the environment.
5.How do engineers use regenerative systems to improve efficiency?
Answer: d. By capturing and reusing energy during specific processes
Explanation: Engineers use regenerative systems to capture and reuse energy during specific processes, which contributes to improved efficiency.
6.In the context of engineering, what does "to go green" mean?
Answer: b. To focus on sustainability and eco-friendliness
Explanation: In engineering, "going green" means focusing on sustainable and eco-friendly practices rather than disregarding environmental concerns.
7.What does the text emphasize regarding insulation in engineering?
Answer: a. The use of materials that promote energy efficiency
Explanation: The text emphasizes that insulation in engineering involves using materials that promote energy efficiency, reduce heat soak, and protect delicate components.
8.How does green engineering contribute to environmental sustainability?
Answer: c. By minimizing waste and promoting eco-conscious solutions
Explanation: Green engineering contributes to environmental sustainability by minimizing waste, promoting eco-conscious solutions, and reducing the environmental impact of engineering practices.
Read the text below and answer the questions (B2 level):
"Innovations in Sustainable Engineering for Electric Vehicles"
In the realm of engineering, the pursuit of efficiency and effectiveness is paramount. The use of regenerative braking systems has become a prevalent phenomenon, especially in the automotive industry. During deceleration, these systems capture and regenerate kinetic energy, making vehicles not only more efficient but also environmentally friendly.
To achieve this regenerative capacity, the chassis of electric cars plays a crucial role. It must be robust and reinforced to withstand the demands of regenerative braking, ensuring that delicate internal components remain protected. Additionally, heat soak and friction are reduced through effective insulation materials, such as membranes with reinforced outer jackets. These materials contribute to extending the lifespan of electric vehicle components while minimizing energy loss.
Sustainability and ecological considerations are inherent in the design and manufacturing of electric vehicles. Many are now made from composites that reduce the depletion of natural resources. These composites often comprise materials like lightweight polyethylene, making the vehicles more lightweight and efficient.
The application of efficient materials doesn't stop at the chassis and composites; it also extends to the electrical systems. Conductors made from materials like copper contribute to the overall efficiency of the vehicle. However, engineers must address the issue of water resistance, as electrical components are susceptible to moisture damage. This is why waterproof solutions are incorporated, safeguarding these delicate systems.
In conclusion, the field of engineering is continuously pushing the boundaries of efficiency and effectiveness, all while upholding ecological responsibility. Regenerative technologies, reinforced materials, and intelligent insulation solutions are making it possible to build environmentally friendly vehicles that are both effective and efficient.
1. What is the main focus of the text?
a. The history of regenerative braking
b. The use of polyethylene in engineering
c. Engineering advancements in electric vehicles
d. Sustainable materials in architecture
2. What is the purpose of regenerative braking in electric vehicles?
a. To accelerate the vehicle
b. To capture and regenerate energy during deceleration
c. To reduce the vehicle's weight
d. To increase friction between components
3. What is the role of the chassis in electric cars with regenerative braking systems?
a. To generate kinetic energy
b. To reduce energy loss
c. To protect delicate components during braking
d. To increase heat soak and friction
4. How do insulation materials with reinforced outer jackets contribute to electric vehicle efficiency?
a. They protect delicate internal components and minimize energy loss.
b. They reduce friction between components.
c. They capture and regenerate energy.
d. They accelerate the vehicle.
5. Why are many electric vehicles made from composites?
a. To increase the exploitation of natural resources
b. To make the vehicles more heavyweight
c. To reduce the environmental impact and save on manufacturing costs
d. To decrease the consumption of natural resources and improve efficiency
6. What do conductors made from materials like copper contribute to in electric vehicles?
a. Increased water resistance
b. Reduced efficiency of the vehicle
c. Enhanced friction between components
d. Improved energy efficiency
7. Why are waterproof solutions incorporated in electric vehicles?
a. To decrease the efficiency of electrical systems
b. To protect delicate systems from moisture damage
c. To increase water resistance in the chassis
d. To promote heat soak and friction
Answers and explanations:
1.What is the main focus of the text?
Answer: c. Engineering advancements in electric vehicles
Explanation: The text primarily discusses various engineering advancements related to electric vehicles, including regenerative braking systems, chassis design, insulation, and materials used in their construction.
2.What is the purpose of regenerative braking in electric vehicles?
Answer: b. To capture and regenerate energy during deceleration
Explanation: Regenerative braking in electric vehicles captures and regenerates kinetic energy during deceleration, contributing to increased efficiency and energy conservation.
3.What is the role of the chassis in electric cars with regenerative braking systems?
Answer: c. To protect delicate components during braking
Explanation: The chassis in electric vehicles is reinforced to protect delicate internal components during regenerative braking and ensure their integrity.
4.How do insulation materials with reinforced outer jackets contribute to electric vehicle efficiency?
Answer: a. They protect delicate internal components and minimize energy loss.
Explanation: Insulation materials with reinforced outer jackets protect sensitive components and reduce energy loss, contributing to overall efficiency.
5.Why are many electric vehicles made from composites?
Answer: d. To decrease the consumption of natural resources and improve efficiency
Explanation: Electric vehicles are often made from composites to reduce the depletion of natural resources and improve their efficiency.
6.What do conductors made from materials like copper contribute to in electric vehicles?
Answer: d. Improved energy efficiency
Explanation: Conductors made from materials like copper contribute to improved energy efficiency within electric vehicles.
7.Why are waterproof solutions incorporated in electric vehicles?
Answer: b. To protect delicate systems from moisture damage
Explanation: Waterproof solutions are included in electric vehicles to safeguard delicate electrical systems from damage caused by moisture.
Read the paragraph below and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the list below (there are 2 extra words!):
waterproof (adj); effective (adj); insulation (n); generate (v); subsequent (adj); susceptible (adj); chassis (n); conductor (n); regenerative (adj); friction (n); efficiency (n);
In the field of engineering, enhancing the 1 ………………………. of machinery and equipment is a top priority. One way to achieve this goal is through the use of 2 ……………………. braking systems, which can 3………………………… energy during deceleration, subsequently improving overall efficiency. These systems are often integrated into the 4 ……………………….. of electric vehicles, which require a reinforced structure to safeguard delicate internal components. Moreover, efficient 5……………………. materials, such as those with reinforced outer jacket, play a vital role in protecting these components from heat soak and minimizing energy loss. An inherent component in electric systems is the 6 ………………………, which is responsible for the flow of electricity. Choosing a high-quality conductor is essential to ensure the 7 ……………………. performance of the system. Additionally, a 8 ………………………. system, such as a composite material, is employed to prevent moisture damage, as electrical systems are 9 …………………….. to it. Engineering practices must prioritize not only the performance of individual components but also the holistic design that maximizes overall sustainability.
Answer: The filled-in paragraph reads as follows:
In the field of engineering, enhancing the efficiency of machinery and equipment is a top priority. One way to achieve this goal is through the use of regenerative braking systems, which can generate energy during deceleration, subsequently improving overall efficiency. These systems are often integrated into the chassis of electric vehicles, which require a reinforced structure to safeguard delicate internal components. Moreover, efficient insulation materials, such as those with reinforced outer jackets, play a vital role in protecting these components from heat soak and minimizing energy loss. An inherent component in electric systems is the conductor, which is responsible for the flow of electricity. Choosing a high-quality conductor is essential to ensure the effective performance of the system. Additionally, a waterproof system, such as a composite material, is employed to prevent moisture damage, as electrical systems are susceptible to it. Engineering practices must prioritize not only the performance of individual components but also the holistic design that maximizes overall sustainability
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