STUDENTS UNABLE TO TAKE LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II FINAL EXAM

 

 

                                                          DEVAMSIZ ÖĞRENCİLER

IND 1

1.230107011034      BETÜL ŞUA BAŞASLAN

2.220107011126      AYŞE SÜMEYRA DEMİRDELEN

3.230107011097       GİZEM ERTÜRK

4.220107011122       HASAM UD DIN

5.200107011017       SEVDE NUR YILDIRIM

6.230107011059       MAHMUT YILMAZ

IND 2

7.220114012043       MEHMET SELİM MARAŞLI

8.220114012056       AHMET CAN ÇOMAKTEKİN

9.220114012062       MEHMET TUĞ

10.230114012035     ZELİHA ŞAHİN

                                 DEVAMSIZ ÖĞRENCİLER (ARCHITECTURE)

1.231601011049       AYŞE KÖRÜKÇÜ  (40)

2.231601011163       IBRAHIM BASHER IBRAHİM OSMAN (40)

3.231601011080       BELGİN SAĞIT  (40)

4.231601011045       ŞEMSE ZEYNEP UMA (32)

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS(Unit 10 Pgs:84-85)-19

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries

Vocabulary pp 84-85 – Describing capabilities and limitations – Updated on 01 June 2025

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.Capability (n) / Yetenek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi başarma yeteneği veya kapasitesi.

•English Definition: The ability or capacity to achieve something.

•Sample Sentence: The new engine has the capability to generate higher power output.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni motor daha yüksek güç çıkışı üretme yeteneğine sahiptir.

2.To be capable of (v) / -e yetenekli olmak

•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi başarma yeteneğine sahip olmak.

•English Definition: To have the ability to achieve an action.

•Sample Sentence: The bridge design is capable of withstanding strong winds.

•Turkish Translation: Köprü tasarımı güçlü rüzgarlara dayanma yeteneğine sahiptir.

3.To be incapable of (v) / -e yeteneksiz olmak

•Turkish Definition: Bir eylemi gerçekleştirmeye yeteneği olmamak.

•English Definition: To lack the ability to achieve an action.

•Sample Sentence: The old machinery is incapable of meeting modern production demands.

•Turkish Translation: Eski makine modern üretim taleplerini karşılama yeteneğine sahip değildir.

4.Limitation (n) / Sınırlama

•Turkish Definition: Limitation (sınırlama/kısıtlama), bir sistemin, sürecin veya bileşenin performansını, tasarımını, uygulamasını veya işlevselliğini etkileyen bir kısıtlamadır. Mühendislikte, güvenlik, verimlilik ve uygulanabilirliği sağlamak için tasarım ve analiz aşamalarında bu sınırlamalar dikkate alınmalıdır.

•English Definition: A limitation is a restriction or constraint that affects the performance, design, application, or functionality of a system, process, or component. Limitations must be considered during the engineering design and analysis phases to ensure safety, efficiency, and feasibility.

•Sample Sentence: One major limitation of the current design is its inability to operate at high temperatures.

•Turkish Translation: Mevcut tasarımın en büyük sınırlamalarından biri, yüksek sıcaklıklarda çalışamamasıdır.

5.Sled (n) / Kızak

•Turkish Definition: Sled, genellikle kızak benzeri raylara veya düşük sürtünmeli yüzeylere monte edilmiş bir platform ya da çerçevedir. Ekipman veya malzeme taşımak için kullanılır. Mühendislikte ayrıca test, taşıma veya fırlatma sistemlerinde kullanılan bir taban ya da taşıyıcı yapıyı da ifade edebilir.

•English Definition: A sled is a type of platform or frame, often mounted on runners or low-friction surfaces, used to carry equipment or materials, especially over snow, ice, or other low-friction surfaces. In engineering, it may also refer to a base or carriage used in testing, transportation, or launching systems.

•Sample Sentence: The crash test dummy was mounted on a high-speed sled to simulate the effects of a vehicle collision.

•Turkish Translation: Araç çarpışmasının etkilerini simüle etmek için çarpışma testi mankeni yüksek hızlı bir kızağa monte edildi.

6.Detonate (v) / Patlamak

•Turkish Definition: Patlamaya neden olmak veya patlamak.

•English Definition: To cause to explode or to explode suddenly.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers detonated the explosive charges to demolish the old building.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, eski binayı yıkmak için patlayıcı şarjları patlattılar.

7.Terrific roar (n) / Korkunç gürültü

•Turkish Definition: Korkunç veya korkutucu bir gürültü.

•English Definition: A loud or terrifying noise.

•Sample Sentence: The engine's terrific roar echoed through the valley during the test.

•Turkish Translation: Motorun müthiş gürültüsü test sırasında vadide yankılandı.

8.Send out (v) / Göndermek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi belirli bir yöne doğru göndermek veya yollamak.

•English Definition: To cause something to be directed or transmitted in a particular direction.

•Sample Sentence: The radar system sends out electromagnetic waves to detect objects.

•Turkish Translation: Radar sistemi nesneleri tespit etmek için elektromanyetik dalgalar gönderir.

9.Trails of fire (n) / Alev izleri

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin arkasında veya peşinde bıraktığı ateş izleri.

•English Definition: Lines or streaks of fire left behind something.

•Sample Sentence: The rocket left trails of fire as it ascended into the sky.

•Turkish Translation: Roket gökyüzüne yükseldiğinde alev izleri bıraktı.

10.Blast sb/sth down (v) / Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.

•Turkish Definition: Birini veya bir şeyi yıkıcı bir patlama ile devirmek.

•English Definition: To demolish someone or something with a destructive explosion.

•Sample Sentence: The demolition crew blasted down the old bridge to make way for the new construction.

•Turkish Translation: Yıkım ekibi, yeni inşaat için yol yapmak için eski köprüyü patlatıp yere indirdi..

11.The water brake (n) / Su freni

•Turkish Definition: Bir makinenin hızını veya gücünü kontrol etmek için suyun direncini kullanan bir fren sistemi.

•English Definition: A braking system that uses water resistance to control the speed or power of a machine.

•Sample Sentence: The water brake is used in dynamometer testing to simulate real-world conditions.

•Turkish Translation: Su freni, dinamometre testlerinde gerçek dünya koşullarını simüle etmek için kullanılır.

12.To be mounted on sth (v) / Bir şeye monte edilmek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin üzerine yerleştirilmek veya bağlanmak.

•English Definition: To be attached or fixed onto something.

•Sample Sentence: The camera is mounted on the robotic arm to capture precise movements.

•Turkish Translation: Kamera, hassas hareketleri yakalamak için robotik kola monte edilir.

13.Envisage (v) / Öngörmek

•Turkish Definition: Bir olayın veya durumun gelecekteki olası sonuçlarını görmek veya tahmin etmek.

•English Definition: To imagine or foresee the potential outcomes of an event or situation.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers envisage a future where renewable energy sources dominate the energy sector.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının enerji sektörünü domine ettiği bir gelecek öngörüyorlar.

14.Rough calculations (n) / Kabataslak hesaplamalar

Turkish Definition: Kesin olmayan veya ayrıntılı olmayan matematiksel hesaplamalar.

•English Definition: Mathematical calculations that are not precise or detailed.

•Sample Sentence: The engineer made rough calculations to estimate the load-bearing capacity of the bridge.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, köprünün taşıma kapasitesini tahmin etmek için kabataslak hesaplamalar yaptı.

15.Progressive acceleration (n) / Kademeli ivme

•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla artması.

•English Definition: The gradual increase in speed over time.

•Sample Sentence: The vehicle's progressive acceleration enhances fuel efficiency and reduces emissions.

•Turkish Translation: Araçtaki kademeli ivme, yakıt verimliliğini artırır ve emisyonları azaltır.

16.Progressive deceleration (n) / Kademeli yavaşlama

•Turkish Definition: Hızın zamanla azalması.

•English Definition: The gradual decrease in speed over time.

•Sample Sentence: The train's progressive deceleration ensured a smooth and comfortable stop at the station.

•Turkish Translation: Trenin kademeli yavaşlaması, istasyonda düzgün ve konforlu bir duruş sağladı.

17.Standstill (n) / Durma

•Turkish Definition: Tamamen durmuş; hareketsiz

•English Definition: A complete stop.

•Sample Sentence: The machine came to a standstill due to a malfunction in the control system.

•Turkish Translation: Makine, kontrol sistemindeki bir arıza nedeniyle tamamen durdu.

18.A safety margin (n) / Güvenlik marjı

•Turkish Definition: Beklenmedik durumlar veya hatalar için bir koruma veya yedekleme miktarı.

•English Definition: An amount of protection or backup for unexpected situations or errors.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers design structures with a safety margin to ensure resilience against unforeseen loads.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yapıların beklenmedik yükler karşısında direnç sağlamak için bir güvenlik marjıyla tasarlarlar.

19.Rail-mounted (adj) / Ray montajlı

•Turkish Definition: Bir ray üzerinde hareket edebilen veya monte edilebilen.

•English Definition: Able to move along or be mounted on a rail.

•Sample Sentence: The rail-mounted crane facilitates efficient cargo handling in industrial settings.

•Turkish Translation: Ray montajlı vinç, endüstriyel ortamlarda etkili yük taşıma sağlar.

20.Derail (v) / Raydan çıkmak

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin raylarının dışına çıkması.

•English Definition: To cause sth to leave its tracks.

•Sample Sentence: The faulty switch mechanism caused the train to derail, resulting in significant delays.

•Turkish Translation: Arızalı anahtar mekanizması, trenin raydan çıkmasına neden oldu ve önemli gecikmelere yol açtı.

21.Aerodynamic lift (n) / Aerodinamik kaldırma

•Turkish Definition: Bir cismin hava akışı nedeniyle yukarı doğru kaldırılması.

•English Definition: The upward force exerted on an object due to the flow of air.

•Sample Sentence: Aircraft wings are designed to generate aerodynamic lift to support flight.

•Turkish Translation: Uçak kanatları, uçuşu desteklemek için aerodinamik kaldırma üretmek üzere tasarlanmıştır.

22.Non-starter (n) / Başarısızlık

•Turkish Definition: Beklenen başlangıç veya başlangıçta bir şeyin gerçekleşmediği durum.

•English Definition: A situation where something expected to start or proceed fails to do so initially.

•Sample Sentence: The proposed project was deemed a non-starter due to lack of funding.

•Turkish Translation: Önerilen proje, yetersiz finansman nedeniyle bir başarısızlık olarak kabul edildi.

23.Fail-safe (adj) / Güvenli mod

•Turkish Definition: Bir arızada veya başarısızlık durumunda güvenlik sağlayan bir sistem veya tasarım.

•English Definition: A system or design that provides safety in the event of a malfunction or failure.

•Sample Sentence: The fail-safe mechanism automatically shuts down the system in case of overheating.

•Turkish Translation: Güvenli mod mekanizması, aşırı ısınma durumunda sistem otomatik olarak kapatır.

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions.

Capabilities and Limitations in Engineering Design

In engineering, understanding what a system can and cannot do is essential. A capable system is one that performs its intended functions under specific conditions. For example, an aircraft is capable of generating enough aerodynamic lift to overcome gravity and fly. However, a system’s capabilities are not unlimited. They are often affected by various limitations.

Limitations in engineering refer to the conditions or boundaries within which a system can operate safely and effectively. These limitations are usually set by physical laws, the properties of materials, or safety standards. For example, although an aircraft can generate lift, this ability is limited by how much force its wings can handle before they break.

When starting a new design, engineers usually make rough calculations to estimate what the system will be able to do and where it might fail. These calculations help them predict whether the system can handle the expected forces or whether it might break under pressure.

Take a train, for instance. A train is designed to speed up and slow down smoothly. Its ability to accelerate depends on the engine’s power, and its ability to decelerate depends on the braking system. If the train faces a condition that exceeds these abilities—like a very steep hill or an emergency stop—it might fail, which could be dangerous.

To avoid this, engineers build a safety margin into the system. This means they design the system to handle more than the expected maximum load. A safety margin acts as a buffer and reduces the risk of failure, making the system fail-safe—able to stay safe even in unexpected situations.

Still, engineers must be careful not to overdesign. A system that greatly exceeds its requirements might be too expensive, too complex, or too big to be useful. For example, building a train that can go faster than the speed of sound wouldn’t make sense for public transport.

In conclusion, engineering design is about understanding both what a system can do (its capabilities) and what it cannot do (its limitations). Engineers use rough calculations, consider acceleration and deceleration, include safety margins, and design systems that are strong enough—but not unnecessarily complex. This balanced approach helps create systems that are both effective and safe.

1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:

a) work well under specific conditions.                      b) handle more force than expected.

c) operate at the highest speed.                                   d) be made from common materials.

2. What usually defines the limitations of an engineering system?

a) The engineer’s creativity                                        b) The laws of physics and safety rules

c) The project’s budget                                               d) The number of engineers

3. Why do engineers make rough calculations at the start of a design?

a) To choose colors and appearance                                 b) To calculate the final cost

c) To understand the system's capabilities and limits       d) To avoid all possible risks

4. What does the train example in the text show?

a) Trains need to fly like planes                                                    b) Trains work best in bad weather

c) Acceleration and deceleration are affected by system limits    d) Trains should never stop suddenly

5. What is a safety margin in engineering?

a) The smallest force the system needs                                          b) Extra strength added for safety

c) The point where the system fails                                               d) The cost difference in a project

6. Why might a design that exceeds its needs be a “non-starter”?

a) It would look boring b) It would break safety rules

c) No one would want to build it d) It would be too expensive or complex

7. In this text, what does “fail-safe” mean?

a) The system needs no repairs                          b) The system is built for high speed

c) The system has maximum performance        d) The system is protected against failure

8. What does the text suggest engineers should do?

a) Balance capabilities with purpose and limitations          b) Design systems with unlimited power

c) Focus on how the system looks                                       d) Only try to reduce costs

Answers and Explanations

1. According to the passage, a system is considered capable if it can:

a) work well under specific conditions.

Explanation: The passage says that a system is capable if it performs its intended functions under specific conditions. This is the main idea of system capability.

2. What usually defines the limitations of an engineering system?

b) The laws of physics and safety rules

Explanation: Limitations come from natural laws, material strength, and safety regulations—not the designer’s creativity or budget.

3. Why do engineers make rough calculations at the start of a design?

c) To understand the system's capabilities and limits

Explanation: Engineers use rough calculations to estimate how well the system might perform and what its limits are. This helps guide the design process.

4. What does the train example in the text show?

c) Acceleration and deceleration are affected by system limits

Explanation: The train example shows that the ability to speed up and slow down depends on the engine and brakes—and both have limits.

5. What is a safety margin in engineering?

b) Extra strength added for safety

Explanation: A safety margin is extra capacity in the system to make sure it still works safely even if the forces are stronger than expected.

6. Why might a design that exceeds its needs be a “non-starter”?

d) It would be too expensive or complex

Explanation: If a system is designed to do much more than necessary, it can become too costly, large, or difficult to build. That makes the project unrealistic.

7. In this text, what does “fail-safe” mean?

d) The system is protected against failure

Explanation: A fail-safe design helps the system keep working safely, even if something unexpected happens.

8. What does the text suggest engineers should do?

a) Balance capabilities with purpose and limitations

Explanation: The passage explains that good design means making sure the system does what it’s supposed to—without being too powerful, too weak, or too expensive.

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 10 Pgs:82-83) -18

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries

Vocabulary pp 82-83 – Discussing relative performance – Updated on 27 May 2025

1.Relative (adj) / İlgili

•Turkish Definition: İki veya daha fazla şey arasındaki ilişkiyi ifade eden; bağlantılı olan.

•English Definition: Expressing the relationship between two or more things; connected.

•Sample Sentence: The relative position of the components affects the overall performance of the system.

•Turkish Translation: Bileşenlerin göreceli konumu sistemin genel performansını etkiler.

2.Relative performance (n) / Göreceli performans

•Turkish Definition: Bir sistemin veya cihazın diğerine göre başarısı veya etkinliği.

•English Definition: The success or effectiveness of a system or device compared to another.

•Sample Sentence: The relative performance of the new engine model was better than the previous one.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni motor modelinin göreceli performansı öncekine göre daha iyiydi.

3.Comparative analysis / Karşılaştırmalı analiz

•Turkish Definition: Farklı durumları veya özellikleri karşılaştırmak için yapılan detaylı inceleme.

•English Definition: Detailed examination of different situations or characteristics for comparison.

•Sample Sentence: The company conducted a comparative analysis of different materials to select the most suitable one for the project.

•Turkish Translation: Şirket, projeye en uygun olanı seçmek için farklı malzemelerin karşılaştırmalı analizini yaptı.

4.Convenience / Kolaylık

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi yapmayı daha kolay veya rahat hale getiren durum.

•English Definition: The state of being convenient; easy to use or suitable for a particular purpose.

•Sample Sentence: The location of the laboratory provides convenience for conducting experiments.

•Turkish Translation: Laboratuvarın konumu deneylerin yapılmasını kolaylaştırır.

5.Efficiency (n) / Verimlilik

•Turkish Definition: Bir işin ne kadar iyi yapıldığını veya ne kadar az kaynak kullanıldığını belirten durum.

•English Definition: The state of being efficient; achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.

•Sample Sentence: Increasing the efficiency of the production line resulted in significant cost savings.

•Turkish Translation: Üretim hattının verimliliğini artırmak önemli miktarda maliyet tasarrufuna yol açtı.

6.Efficient (adj) / Verimli

•Turkish Definition: Bir işi iyi veya etkili bir şekilde yapan.

•English Definition: Performing or functioning effectively and with minimum wasted effort.

•Sample Sentence: The new system is more efficient than the previous one in terms of energy consumption.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni sistem enerji tüketimi açısından öncekine göre daha verimlidir.

7.Relative effectiveness (n) / Göreceli etkinlik

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin diğerine göre ne kadar etkili olduğunu belirten durum.

•English Definition: The extent to which something is effective compared to something else.

•Sample Sentence: The relative effectiveness of different mass-transport solutions varies depending on the city's infrastructure.

•Turkish Translation: Farklı kütle taşıma çözümlerinin göreceli etkinliği şehrin altyapısına bağlı olarak değişir.

8.Mass-transport solutions (n) / Kütle/kitle/toplu taşıma çözümleri

•Turkish Definition: Geniş bir nüfusu taşımak için kullanılan toplu taşıma sistemleri veya çözümleri.

•English Definition: Public transportation systems or solutions used to transport large numbers of people.

•Sample Sentence: The city is exploring various mass-transport solutions to alleviate traffic congestion.

•Turkish Translation: Şehir, trafik sıkışıklığını hafifletmek için çeşitli kütle taşıma çözümlerini araştırıyor.

9.Criterion (n) / Kriter

•Turkish Definition: Bir değerlendirmenin temelini oluşturan ölçüt veya standart.

•English Definition: A principle or standard by which something may be judged or decided.

•Sample Sentence: Safety is a key criterion when evaluating new engineering designs.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni mühendislik tasarımlarını değerlendirirken güvenlik önemli bir kriterdir.

10.Factor (n) / Faktör

•Turkish Definition: Bir sonucu etkileyen veya belirleyen durum veya öğe.

•English Definition: A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome.

•Sample Sentence: Cost is a significant factor in determining the feasibility of a project.

•Turkish Translation: Maliyet, bir proje yapılabilirliğini belirlemede önemli bir faktördür.

11.Vary (v) / Değişmek

•Turkish Definition: Farklılık göstermek veya değişmek.

•English Definition: To change or differ in some way, especially in size, amount, or form.

•Sample Sentence: The temperature can vary significantly depending on the time of day.

•Turkish Translation: Sıcaklık günün saati göre önemli ölçüde değişebilir.

12.Variable (adj) / Değişken

•Turkish Definition: Değişime veya değişikliğe tabi olan.

•English Definition: Able to change or be changed; not consistent or having a fixed pattern.

•Sample Sentence: The variable wind speed makes it challenging to predict weather patterns accurately.

•Turkish Translation: Değişken rüzgar hızı, hava durumu desenlerini doğru bir şekilde tahmin etmeyi zorlaştırır.

13.Variable (n) / Değişken

•Turkish Definition: Bir deneyde veya analizde değişen bir durum veya faktör.

•English Definition: A factor or element that can change or vary in an experiment or analysis.

•Sample Sentence: Temperature and humidity are important variables to consider in agricultural research.

•Turkish Translation: Sıcaklık ve nem tarımsal araştırmalarda dikkate alınması gereken önemli değişkenlerdir.

14.Operating speed (n) / İşletme hızı

•Turkish Definition: Bir sistem veya cihazın normal çalışma hızı.

•English Definition: The speed at which a system or device operates under normal conditions.

•Sample Sentence: The operating speed of the new conveyor belt is faster than the previous one.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni taşıma bandının işletme hızı öncekine göre daha hızlıdır.

15.Modify (v) / Değiştirmek

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi değiştirmek veya modifiye etmek.

•English Definition: To make partial or minor changes to something in order to improve it or make it more suitable for a particular purpose.

•Sample Sentence: The engineers need to modify the design to meet the new safety standards.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, yeni güvenlik standartlarını karşılamak için tasarımı değiştirmek zorundalar.

16.Modified (adj) / Modifiye edilmiş

•Turkish Definition: Değiştirilmiş veya düzeltilmiş.

•English Definition: Changed in some way from its original form, typically to improve or adapt it.

•Sample Sentence: The modified version of the software includes several new features.

•Turkish Translation: Yazılımın modifiye edilmiş sürümü birkaç yeni özellik içerir.

17.Slightly modified (adj) / Hafifçe modifiye edilmiş

•Turkish Definition: Biraz değiştirilmiş veya düzeltilmiş.

•English Definition: Changed to a small degree from its original form.

•Sample Sentence: The design was slightly modified to reduce manufacturing costs.

•Turkish Translation: Tasarım, üretim maliyetlerini azaltmak için hafifçe modifiye edildi.

18.Heavily modified (adj) / Ağır modifiye edilmiş

•Turkish Definition: Büyük ölçüde değiştirilmiş veya düzeltilmiş.

•English Definition: Changed significantly from its original form.

•Sample Sentence: The heavily modified engine provides better performance than the standard model.

•Turkish Translation: Ağır modifiye edilmiş motor, standart modele göre daha iyi performans sağlar.

19.Coach (train) (n) / Vagon

•Turkish Definition: Bir trenin yolcu taşımak için kullanılan bölümü.

•English Definition: A carriage of a train designed to carry passengers.

•Sample Sentence: Passengers can relax comfortably in the coach while traveling long distances.

•Turkish Translation: Yolcular uzun mesafeleri seyahat ederken vagon içinde rahatça dinlenebilirler.

20.Consulting engineer (n) / Danışman mühendis

•Turkish Definition: Bir proje veya tasarım sürecinde uzman tavsiyesi ve yardımı sağlayan mühendis.

•English Definition: An engineer who provides expert advice and assistance during a project or design process.

•Sample Sentence: The consulting engineer helped optimize the structural design of the new building.

•Turkish Translation: Danışman mühendis, yeni binanın yapısal tasarımını optimize etmeye yardımcı oldu.

21.Bodywork (n) / Gövde işçiliği

•Turkish Definition: Bir aracın veya makinenin dış kısmı veya şasisi.

•English Definition: The outer shell or framework of a vehicle or machine.

•Sample Sentence: The bodywork of the car was damaged in the accident and needed repairs.

•Turkish Translation: Araçtaki gövde işçiliği kaza sonucu zarar gördü ve onarıma ihtiyacı vardı.

22.Margin (n) / Marj

•Turkish Definition: Bir miktarın üzerindeki küçük bir fark veya boşluk.

•English Definition: A small amount by which a thing is won or falls short.

•Sample Sentence: The project was completed with only a small margin of error.

•Turkish Translation: Proje, yalnızca küçük bir hata marjıyla tamamlandı.

23.A tiny margin (n) / Çok küçük bir marj

•Turkish Definition: Çok az bir fark veya boşluk.

•English Definition: A very small difference or gap.

•Sample Sentence: The team won the championship by a tiny margin.

•Turkish Translation: Takım, şampiyonluğu çok küçük bir marj ile kazandı.

24.A huge margin (n) / Çok büyük bir marj

•Turkish Definition: Çok büyük bir fark veya boşluk.

•English Definition: A very large difference or gap.

•Sample Sentence: The company outperformed its competitors by a huge margin.

•Turkish Translation: Şirket, rakiplerini çok büyük bir marj ile geride bıraktı.

25.To a certain extent (collocation) / Belirli bir dereceye kadar

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin sınırlı bir ölçüde geçerli olduğu nokta.

•English Definition: To a limited degree; partly.

•Sample Sentence: The success of the project depends on funding to a certain extent.

•Turkish Translation: Projenin başarısı belirli bir dereceye kadar finansmana bağlıdır.

26.To a considerable extent (collocation) / Önemli ölçüde

•Turkish Definition: Önemli bir derecede veya miktar.

•English Definition: To a significant degree or amount.

•Sample Sentence: The outcome of the experiment was influenced to a considerable extent by external factors.

•Turkish Translation: Deneyin sonucu, önemli ölçüde dış faktörler tarafından etkilendi.

27.Significantly (adv) / Önemli ölçüde

•Turkish Definition: Önemli bir şekilde.

•English Definition: In a way that is large or important enough to be noticed or have an effect.

•Sample Sentence: The new technology significantly improved the efficiency of the manufacturing process.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni teknoloji, üretim sürecinin verimliliğini önemli ölçüde artırdı.

28.Slightly (adv) / Biraz

•Turkish Definition: Çok az derecede.

•English Definition: To a small degree; not very much.

•Sample Sentence: The temperature increased slightly during the afternoon.

•Turkish Translation: Sıcaklık öğleden sonra hafifçe arttı.

29.Marginally (adv) / Marjinal olarak

•Turkish Definition: Çok az bir farkla veya derece ile.

•English Definition: To a limited extent or degree.

•Sample Sentence: The company's profits only increased marginally compared to last year.

•Turkish Translation: Şirketin karı, geçen yıla kıyasla sadece marjinal olarak arttı.

30.Substantially (adv) / Önemli ölçüde

•Turkish Definition: Önemli miktarda veya derecede.

•English Definition: To a great or significant extent.

•Sample Sentence: The new software reduced processing time substantially.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni yazılım işlem süresini önemli ölçüde azalttı.

31.A slight amount (n) / Küçük bir miktar

•Turkish Definition: Çok az miktarda.

•English Definition: A small quantity or degree.

•Sample Sentence: Add only a slight amount of detergent to the solution.

•Turkish Translation: Çözeltiye sadece biraz deterjan ekleyin.

32.A considerable amount (n) / Önemli bir miktar

•Turkish Definition: Çok miktarda veya derecede.

•English Definition: A large quantity or degree.

•Sample Sentence: The project required a considerable amount of funding to be completed.

•Turkish Translation: Proje tamamlanması için önemli miktarda finansmana ihtiyaç duyuyordu.

33.Catenary cables (n) / Katarina kabloları

•Turkish Definition: Yüksek gerilim hatlarında kullanılan yük taşıyan kablolar.

•English Definition: Cables that carry electric power from pylons or other suspended structures in a catenary system.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers inspected the catenary cables to ensure they were properly installed.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, katarina kablolarının uygun şekilde kurulduğundan emin olmak için inceleme yaptılar.

34.Oscillation (n) / Titreme

•Turkish Definition: Düzenli bir şekilde bir yerden bir yere hareket etme.

•English Definition: The repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value or between two or more different states.

•Sample Sentence: The oscillation of the bridge caused structural fatigue over time.

•Turkish Translation: Köprünün titremesi zamanla yapısal yorgunluğa neden oldu.

35.Camber (n) / Eğrilik ya da kavis

•Turkish Definition: Bir yüzeyin eğriliği veya kavisli olma durumu.

•English Definition: The slight convexity of a surface, such as of a road or a ship's deck.

•Sample Sentence: The road was designed with a slight camber to improve drainage.

•Turkish Translation: Yol, drenajı iyileştirmek için hafif bir eğrilikle tasarlandı.

36.Camber of the track (n) / Pistin eğriliği ya da kavisi

•Turkish Definition: Bir yarış pistinin eğriliği veya eğimi.

•English Definition: The curvature or slope of a race track.

•Sample Sentence: The camber of the track affects the handling of the race car.

•Turkish Translation: Pistin eğriliği, yarış arabasının kontrolünü etkiler.

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions.

Choosing the Right Mass-Transport Solution: A Comparative Analysis

As a consulting engineer specializing in mass-transport solutions, I'm frequently tasked with evaluating the relative performance of different options for a project. This involves a thorough comparative analysis that goes beyond just convenience for passengers. We delve into factors that determine overall efficiency.

Relative effectiveness, in this context, hinges on several key criteria. Operating speed is a crucial factor, but it's not the only one. We must consider variables such as capacity, infrastructure requirements, and oscillation (the swaying motion experienced by passengers).

Here's where the concept of relative performance comes into play. For instance, a high-speed rail line might boast a significantly faster operating speed compared to a light rail system. However, light rail might offer a higher passenger capacity and require less extensive bodywork modifications to existing infrastructure.

The degree to which these factors influence the decision depends on the specific project. A slightly modified tram system might be a marginally better option for a short, inner-city route with a tight budget. On the other hand, a heavily modified train network with a higher initial investment could be substantially more effective for a long-distance route with a high projected ridership.

The impact of each variable can vary considerably. For example, camber (the inward tilt of a track) can significantly improve passenger comfort on high-speed lines, but it might be a less critical factor for a slower tram system with a smaller margin for error.

Ultimately, the goal is to strike a balance between efficiency and convenience within a realistic budget. A consulting engineer's role is to identify the solution that offers the most effective use of resources while meeting the project's specific needs, to a certain extent. There will always be trade-offs, but by carefully considering relative performance, we can ensure the chosen mass-transport solution delivers the best possible outcome.

1. The main purpose of a comparative analysis in choosing a mass-transport solution is to:

a) evaluate overall efficiency for a project.         b) identify the fastest option.

c) prioritize passenger comfort.                           d) minimize construction costs.

2. The term "relative effectiveness" in the passage refers to:

a) how a system compares to itself over time     . b) a system's effectiveness compared to another.

c) the ease of use for passengers.                          d) the initial cost of implementing a system.

3. Which of the following factors is NOT explicitly mentioned as a variable to consider in the passage?

a) Environmental impact        b) Maintenance costs            c) Capacity         d) Operating speed

4. According to the passage, a slightly modified tram system might be preferable for:

a) a long-distance route with high ridership.       b) a short, inner-city route with a tight budget.

c) a high-speed line with a focus on comfort.     d) a heavily populated area with existing infrastructure.

5. The impact of camber on passenger comfort is likely to be:

a) the same for all types of mass-transport systems.        b) more significant for slower tram systems.

c) most crucial for high-speed lines.                                d) irrelevant for efficient operation.

6. The author uses the phrase "to a certain extent" to suggest that:

a) a perfect balance between efficiency and convenience is impossible.

b) consulting engineers have complete control over the decision.

c) passenger needs are always the top priority.

d) budget constraints might limit the ideal solution.

7. The passage suggests that consulting engineers can:

a) guarantee a perfect mass-transport solution for every project.

b) prioritize convenience over efficiency in all cases.

c) identify the most effective use of resources within project constraints.

d) completely eliminate trade-offs when making decisions.

Answers and explanations

1.Answer: (a) evaluate overall efficiency for a project.

(Explained: The passage emphasizes looking beyond convenience and focusing on factors that contribute to the project's overall efficiency.)

2.Answer: (b) a system's effectiveness compared to another.

(Explained: "Relative effectiveness" compares options, not a system to itself.)

3.Answer: (a) Environmental impact

(Explained: The passage focuses on operational factors, not environmental impact.)

4.Answer: (b) a short, inner-city route with a tight budget.

(Explained: The passage highlights cost-effectiveness and existing infrastructure for short routes.)

5.Answer: (c) most crucial for high-speed lines.

(Explained: Camber is mentioned as important for passenger comfort, especially at high speeds.)

6.Answer: (d) budget constraints might limit the ideal solution.

(Explained: "To a certain extent" implies limitations, likely due to budget.)

7.Answer: (c) identify the most effective use of resources within project constraints.

(Explained: The role is to find the best fit, considering limitations

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 10 Pgs:80-81)- 17

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries

Vocabulary pp 80-81 – Describing physical forces – Updated on 25 May 2025

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.Harnessing horsepower from nature (n):

•Definition: Utilizing natural energy sources to generate power.

•Sample sentence: Engineers are exploring ways to harness horsepower from nature, such as through wind and solar energy.

•Turkish: Doğadan güç elde etme.

•Örnek cümle: Mühendisler, rüzgar ve güneş enerjisi gibi doğal enerji kaynaklarından güç elde etmenin yollarını araştırıyorlar.

2.Donkey's years (n):

•Definition: A long time; a colloquial expression.

•Sample sentence: It took donkey's years for the project to be completed due to various setbacks.

•Turkish: Epey bir zaman.

•Örnek cümle: Projenin tamamlanması epey bir zaman aldı çeşitli aksaklıklardan dolayı.

3.Conceive (v):

•Definition: To form or devise a plan or idea.

•Sample sentence: The engineer conceived a revolutionary design for the new bridge.

•Turkish: Tasarlamak, düşünmek.

•Örnek cümle: Mühendis, yeni köprü için devrim niteliğinde bir tasarım düşündü.

4.Solar chimney (n):

•Definition: A structure that uses solar energy to create an updraft for ventilation or power generation.

•Sample sentence: The building was designed with a solar chimney to improve natural ventilation.

•Turkish: Güneş bacası.

•Örnek cümle: Bina, doğal havalandırmayı iyileştirmek için güneş bacasıyla tasarlandı.

5.Ambitious (adj):

•Definition: Having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed.

•Sample sentence: The engineering team has ambitious plans to develop sustainable infrastructure.

•Turkish: Hırslı, iddialı.

•Örnek cümle: Mühendislik ekibinin sürdürülebilir altyapı geliştirmek için iddialı planları var.

6.Capture (v):

•Definition: To take possession or control of something.

•Sample sentence: The system is designed to capture rainwater for reuse.

•Turkish: Yakalamak, ele geçirmek.

•Örnek cümle: Sistem, tekrar kullanım için yağmur suyunu yakalamak üzere tasarlanmıştır.

7.Colossal (adj):

•Definition: Extremely large or great in size, extent, or degree.

•Sample sentence: The dam project required a colossal amount of concrete.

•Turkish: Kocaman, devasa.

•Örnek cümle: Baraj projesi için kocaman bir miktar beton gerekiyordu.

8.Margin (n):

•Definition: The edge or border of something.

•Sample sentence: The margin of safety should be carefully calculated in engineering designs.

•Turkish: Kenar, marj.

•Örnek cümle: Güvenlik marjı mühendislik tasarımlarında dikkatlice hesaplanmalıdır.

9.By a huge margin:

•Definition: By a large amount or degree.

•Sample sentence: The new bridge exceeded safety standards by a huge margin.

•Turkish: Büyük ölçüde.

•Örnek cümle: Yeni köprü, güvenlik standartlarını büyük ölçüde aştı.

10.Enclosure (n):

•Definition: A structure that encloses something.

•Sample sentence: The electrical components were housed within a protective enclosure.

•Turkish: Kapsül, kafes.

•Örnek cümle: Elektrik bileşenleri, koruyucu bir kapsülün içine yerleştirilmişti.

PHYSICAL FORCES

1.Compression (Sıkıştırma):

•Definition: Compression is the action of pressing something together, reducing its volume or making it more compact.

•Sample Sentence: The compression strength of the concrete determines its ability to withstand pressure.

• Cümle (Turkish): Betonun sıkıştırma dayanımı, basınca karşı direncini belirler.

2.Bending (Bükme):

•Definition: Bending is the process of applying force to something, causing it to curve or flex.

•Sample Sentence: The beams in the bridge are designed to withstand bending forces.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Köprüdeki kirişler, bükme kuvvetlerine dayanacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.

3.Torsion/Torque (Torsiyon/Tork):

•Definition: Torsion or torque is the twisting or rotational force applied to an object.

•Sample Sentence: The engine generates high torque to rotate the wheels of the car.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Motor, arabanın tekerleklerini döndürmek için yüksek tork üretir.

4.Expansion (Genleşme):

•Definition: Expansion is the process of becoming larger or extending in size, volume, or quantity.

•Sample Sentence: Metal expands when heated due to thermal expansion.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Metal, ısındığında termal genleşmeden dolayı genişler.

5.Pressure (Basınç):

•Definition: Pressure is the force applied vertical to the surface of an object per unit area.

•Sample Sentence: The pressure inside the container increases with temperature.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Kap içindeki basınç sıcaklıkla birlikte artar.

6.Tension (Gerilme):

•Definition: Tension is the pulling force applied to an object, attempting to stretch it.

•Sample Sentence: The cables are under high tension to support the weight of the suspension bridge.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Kablolar, asma köprünün ağırlığını desteklemek için yüksek gerilim altındadır.

7.Shear (Kesme):

•Definition: Shear is the force that causes one part of a material to slide or shift parallel to an adjacent part.

•Sample Sentence: The shear stress along the joint needs to be calculated for proper structural design.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Birleşim boyunca kesme gerilimi, uygun yapısal tasarım için hesaplanmalıdır.

8.Friction (Sürtünme):

•Definition: Friction is the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.

•Sample Sentence: Lubricants are used to reduce friction between moving parts in machinery.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Yağlayıcılar, makinelerdeki hareketli parçalar arasındaki sürtünmeyi azaltmak için kullanılır.

9.Contraction (Büzülme):

•Definition: Contraction is the process of becoming smaller or decreasing in size, volume, or quantity.

•Sample Sentence: The cooling of the metal causes contraction and may lead to dimensional changes.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Metalin soğuması, büzülmeye neden olur ve boyutsal değişikliklere yol açabilir.

10.Centrifugal Force (Santrifüj Kuvveti):

•Definition: Centrifugal force is the outward force that acts on a body moving in a curved path around another body.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers need to consider centrifugal forces when designing rotating machinery.

•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Mühendisler, dönen makineleri tasarlarken santrifüj kuvvetleri dikkate almalıdırlar.

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions.

Understanding Physical Forces in Engineering

Introduction: In the world of engineering, it's essential to understand different physical forces to create strong and reliable structures and systems. This article explores some important forces in engineering and how they're used in real-life projects.

Compression: Compression is when something is pressed together, making it smaller. For example, when building a bridge, engineers need to make sure the concrete can handle the compression forces from the weight of the cars and trucks passing over it.

Bending: Bending happens when something is pushed or pulled, making it curve or flex. Think about a tall building in a windy city. The building needs to be designed to bend a little without breaking when strong winds blow against it.

Torsion/Torque: Torsion, also called torque, is a twisting force. In a wind turbine, the blades experience torsion as they rotate, converting wind energy into electrical power.

Expansion and Contraction: Expansion and contraction occur when materials get bigger or smaller because of changes in temperature. For instance, railway tracks can expand and contract depending on the weather, so engineers must plan for this to avoid accidents.

Pressure: Pressure is the force pushing on something. Hydraulic systems in construction machinery use pressure to lift heavy loads, like lifting a bulldozer blade.

Tension: Tension is when something is stretched. Suspension bridges, like the famous Golden Gate Bridge, use tension in their cables to support the weight of the road and traffic.

Shear: Shear is when one part of something slides against another part. Engineers must consider shear forces when designing buildings in earthquake-prone areas to prevent collapse during tremors.

Friction: Friction is the resistance when surfaces rub against each other. For example, engineers use lubricants in car engines to reduce friction between moving parts and make them last longer.

Centrifugal Force: Centrifugal force pushes things away from the center of rotation. In a washing machine, centrifugal force helps to spin water out of clothes during the spin cycle.

Conclusion: Understanding these physical forces is vital for engineers to create safe and efficient structures and systems. By considering compression, bending, torsion, expansion, pressure, tension, shear, friction, and centrifugal force, engineers can tackle the challenges of engineering projects with confidence and skill.

Mark the statements as True or False

1.Engineers use compression strength calculations to ensure concrete can withstand the weight of buildings.

2.Wind turbines experience torsion forces as their blades rotate to generate electricity.

3.Engineers do not need to consider wind forces when designing tall buildings in windy cities.

4.Shear forces are not a concern for buildings in earthquake-prone areas.

5.Railway tracks can expand and contract due to temperature changes, requiring engineers to plan for these fluctuations.

6.Suspension bridges utilize tension in their cables to support the weight of the roadway and traffic.

7.Hydraulic systems in construction machinery do not rely on pressure to lift heavy loads.

8.Friction between surfaces does not play a role in the wear and tear of mechanical systems.

9.Friction between moving parts in car engines can be reduced by using lubricants, increasing their longevity.

10.Centrifugal force pulls things toward the center of rotation instead of pushing them away.

Answer key: 1. T 2. T 3. F 4.F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II MIDTERM 2 EXAM SCORES (IND1)

 

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II MIDTERM 2 EXAM SCORES (IND2)

 

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 10 Pgs:78-79)-16

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries

Vocabulary pp 78-79 – Discussing performance and suitability – Updated on 13 May 2025

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.Pushing the boundaries:

•Definition: To extend the limits or capabilities of something.

•Sample sentence: Engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of technology to create more efficient solutions.

•Turkish: Sınırları zorlamak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, daha verimli çözümler yaratmak için sürekli olarak teknolojinin sınırlarını zorluyorlar.

2.Performance:

•Definition: The manner in which a machine or system functions.

•Sample sentence: The performance of the new engine exceeded our expectations.

•Turkish: Performans

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Yeni motorun performansı beklentilerimizi aştı.

3.Suitability:

•Definition: The quality of being right or appropriate for a particular purpose.

•Sample sentence: The material's suitability for extreme temperatures makes it ideal for aerospace applications.

•Turkish: Uygunluk

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Malzemenin aşırı sıcaklıklar için uygunluğu, havacılık uygulamaları için ideal hale getirir.

4.Tubular:

•Definition: Having the shape of a tube or tubes.

•Sample sentence: The frame of the bicycle is made from tubular steel.

•Turkish: Borulu; boru şekline sahip

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Bisikletin çerçevesi borulu çelikten yapılmıştır.

5.Cost-effective:

•Definition: Producing good results without costing a lot of money.

•Sample sentence: Using recycled materials is a cost-effective way to reduce environmental impact.

•Turkish: Maliyet etkin; fazla para harcamadan iyi sonuçlar üreten

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Geri dönüştürülmüş malzemeler kullanmak, çevresel etkiyi azaltmanın maliyet etkin bir yoludur.

6.Fixed structure:

•Definition: A stationary or immobile construction.

•Sample sentence: The bridge's fixed structure ensures stability during high winds.

•Turkish: Sabit yapı

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Köprünün sabit yapısı, şiddetli rüzgarlar sırasında stabiliteyi sağlar.

7.Constituent:

•Definition: A component or part that makes up a whole system.

•Sample sentence: Steel and concrete are the main constituents of the building's structure.

•Turkish: Bileşen

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Çelik ve beton, binanın yapısının ana bileşenleridir.

8.To be embedded:

•Definition: To be firmly and deeply incorporated into something.

•Sample sentence: The sensors are embedded in the pavement to monitor traffic flow.

•Turkish: Gömülü olmak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Sensörler, trafik akışını izlemek için kaldırıma gömülüdür.

9.To be exposed to:

•Definition: To be subjected to or come into contact with something.

•Sample sentence: The metal components are exposed to harsh weather conditions.

•Turkish: Maruz kalmak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Metal bileşenler, sert hava koşullarına maruz kalır.

10.Erode:

•Definition: To gradually wear away or break down.

•Sample sentence: The river's currents erode the riverbank over time.

•Turkish: Aşındırmak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Nehir akıntıları zamanla nehir kenarını aşındırır.

11.Get exposed:

•Definition: To become uncovered or subjected to something.

•Sample sentence: Without proper protection, the electrical wires can get exposed to moisture.

•Turkish: Maruz kalmak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Uygun koruma olmadan, elektrik telleri neme maruz kalabilir.

12.Coastal defense:

•Definition: Measures or structures designed to protect coastal areas from erosion or flooding.

•Sample sentence: The government invested in coastal defense systems to mitigate the effects of rising sea levels.

•Turkish: Kıyı savunması

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Hükümet, yükselen deniz seviyelerinin etkilerini azaltmak için kıyı savunma sistemlerine yatırım yaptı.

13.Crumble away:

•Definition: To break or fall apart into small pieces gradually.

•Sample sentence: Over time, the ancient ruins crumble away due to weathering.

•Turkish: Parçalanıp dağılmak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Zamanla, eski kalıntılar aşınmadan dolayı parçalanıp dağılır.

14.Slender structure:

•Definition: A structure that is thin or narrow in proportion to its length.

•Sample sentence: The skyscraper's design incorporates slender structures to reduce wind resistance.

•Turkish: İnce yapı

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Gökdelenin tasarımı, rüzgar direncini azaltmak için ince yapıları içerir.

15.Lump:

•Definition: A compact mass or piece of something.

•Sample sentence: The engineer noticed a lump of rust forming on the metal surface.

•Turkish: Topak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendis, metal yüzeyinde pas birikmesi oluşturan bir topak fark etti.

16.Fundamental:

•Definition: Essential or basic; forming the foundation or core.

•Sample sentence: Understanding mathematics is fundamental to studying engineering.

•Turkish: Temel

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Matematiği anlamak, mühendislik çalışmaları için temel niteliktedir.

17.Overhead power line:

•Definition: Electrical cables or wires suspended above the ground to transmit electricity.

•Sample sentence: The storm caused damage to several overhead power lines, resulting in power outages.

•Turkish: Havai enerji hattı

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Fırtına, birçok havai enerji hattına zarar verdi ve elektrik kesintilerine neden oldu.

18.Locally:

•Definition: In or relating to a particular area or place.

•Sample sentence: The company sources materials locally to support the community.

•Turkish: Yerel olarak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Şirket, toplumu desteklemek için malzemeleri yerel olarak kaynaklıyor.

19.Breakdown:

•Definition: The process of mechanical failure or malfunction.

•Sample sentence: The breakdown of the machine halted production for several hours.

•Turkish: Arıza

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Makinenin arızalanması, üretimi birkaç saat durdurdu.

20.In-axial stresses:

•Definition: Stresses that act within the axis of a structure or component.

•Sample sentence: Engineers need to consider in-axial stresses when designing load-bearing structures.

•Turkish: Eksenel gerilmeler

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, yük taşıyan yapıları tasarlarken eksenel gerilmeleri dikkate almak zorundadır.

21.Stem from:

•Definition: To originate or arise from a particular source or cause.

•Sample sentence: The problem stems from a lack of proper maintenance.

•Turkish: Köken almak

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Sorun, uygun bakım eksikliğinden kaynaklanıyor.

22.Overcome:

•Definition: To successfully deal with or defeat a problem or obstacle.

•Sample sentence: Engineers must find innovative solutions to overcome challenges in construction projects.

•Turkish: Üstesinden gelmek

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, inşaat projelerinde karşılaşılan zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için yenilikçi çözümler bulmalıdır.

23.Common-sense (noun):

•Definition: Practical judgment based on simple perception of the situation or facts.

•Sample sentence: Using common-sense engineering principles, the team identified the most efficient solution.

•Turkish: Sağduyu

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Ortak akıl mühendislik prensiplerini kullanarak, ekip en verimli çözümü belirledi.

24.Common-sense (adjective):

•Definition: Based on or exhibiting good sense and sound judgment in practical matters.

•Sample sentence: The common-sense approach to safety includes regular equipment inspections.

•Turkish: Sağduyulu

•Sample sentence (Turkish): Güvenlik konusundaki sağduyulu yaklaşım, düzenli ekipman denetimlerini içerir.

A comparison: What is effectiveness and what is efficiency? In engineering, effectiveness and efficiency are two crucial concepts that work together to achieve optimal results. Here's a breakdown of each and how they differ:

Effectiveness:

•Focuses on doing the right things.

•Asks the question: "Are we achieving the desired outcome?"

•Deals with choosing the correct solution to a problem that meets the project's goals and objectives.

Efficiency:

•Concentrates on doing things right.

•Asks the question: "Are we using resources wisely to achieve the outcome?"

•Involves minimizing waste (time, materials, effort) to complete a task or project.

Key Differences:

•Goal Orientation: Effectiveness is about achieving the right goal, while efficiency is about achieving any goal with minimal waste.

•Focus: Effectiveness deals with what to do, and efficiency deals with how to do it.

An analogy: Imagine building a bridge.

•Effectiveness: Choosing the right design and materials to ensure a safe and functional bridge that meets traffic needs.

•Efficiency: Completing the bridge construction within budget and schedule, using the least amount of materials and labor possible.

Both are Important:

While they are distinct, effectiveness and efficiency are interconnected. You can't have one without the other. Building a bridge incredibly fast (efficient) is pointless if it collapses (not effective). Conversely, taking forever to build a bridge (not efficient) isn't ideal even if it's perfect (effective).

By striving for both effectiveness and efficiency, engineers can create successful projects that achieve their goals while using resources wisely.

effectiveness vs. efficiency

1.goal-oriented : YES YES

2.effort-oriented : : NO YES

3.process-oriented : NO YES

4.cost-oriented : NO YES

5.time-oriented : NO YES

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions

Wind turbine engineers are constantly innovating to improve performance and suitability for different environments. While the basic design of a wind turbine with rotating blades, a tall tower, and a generator is well-known, optimizing each component for a specific location is crucial. Wind speed, consistency, and even local weather patterns all play a role in determining the best technical characteristics for a wind turbine.

For instance, in coastal areas with strong winds and salty air, engineers might choose a tubular steel tower over a concrete fixed structure. Steel is lighter and more resistant to corrosion from salt spray. Salt spray can quickly erode concrete, causing it to crumble away and potentially compromising the entire structure. However, slender steel towers can be more susceptible to bending under high winds, which can cause internal stresses and lead to breakdowns. Finding the right balance between weight and strength is key. Similarly, the materials used for the blades and their length are carefully chosen based on the wind patterns in the area. Longer blades can capture more wind energy in areas with consistent strong winds, but they may be impractical or even dangerous in locations with frequent gusts or turbulence.

Ultimately, the goal is to strike a common-sense balance between performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness. By carefully considering the technical characteristics of each location, from wind speed to potential for erosion, engineerscan design wind turbines that perform well. They can choose appropriate construction materials for each component, ensuring the turbine can withstand the local environment and requires minimal regular maintenance. This meticulous planning ensures consistent, reliable, and economical electricity generation, making wind power a more efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.

1.What is the MAIN reason engineers consider different materials for wind turbine towers in coastal areas?

a) To reduce the overall cost of the turbine.             b) To make the tower more visible from a distance.

c) To improve the tower's resistance to salt spray erosion.       d) To make the tower more aerodynamic.

2.Why might longer turbine blades be a disadvantage in some locations?

a) They are more expensive to manufacture and maintain.

b) They are heavier and put more stress on the tower.

c) They are less efficient at capturing weaker winds.

d) They are more likely to be struck by lightning.

3.The passage mentions that the design of a wind turbine is:

a) Well-established but needs to be optimized for location.  b) Completely new and constantly changing.

c) Only suitable for offshore locations.                                  d) Primarily focused on aesthetics.

4.Which of the following factors does NOT play a role in determining the technical characteristics of a wind turbine?

a) Local weather patterns                              b) Construction material costs

c) The height of nearby buildings                 d) Wind speed and consistency

5.What is the main purpose of using a tubular steel tower for wind turbines?

a) To reduce the weight of the overall structure.          b) To provide a more stable base for the generator.

c) To improve the efficiency of the rotating blades.     d) To create a habitat for nesting birds.

6.The passage suggests that wind turbines require:

a) Very little to no maintenance at all.                           b) Frequent and expensive repairs.

c) Only maintenance during extreme weather events.   d) Regular maintenance for optimal performance.

7.According to the text, achieving a balance between performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness is a:

a) Common-sense approach to wind turbine design.         b) Simple task requiring minimal planning.

c) Difficult and often unattainable goal.                           d) Goal that is constantly being debated.

8.The passage implies that wind power is becoming a more:

a) Expensive and unreliable source of energy.       b) Efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.

c) Polluting and environmentally damaging source of power.      d) Short-term solution to energy needs.

Answers and explanations

1. Answer: c) To improve the tower's resistance to salt spray erosion.

•Explanation: The passage highlights that steel is chosen for coastal areas due to its resistance to corrosion from salt spray, which can damage concrete.

2. Answer: b) They are heavier and put more stress on the tower.

•Explanation: The text explains that while longer blades capture more wind energy, they can also be impractical for locations with strong winds because they put a greater strain on the tower structure.

3. Answer: a) Well-established but needs to be optimized for location.

•Explanation: The passage clarifies that the basic design of a wind turbine is known, but factors like wind speed and local weather require engineers to optimize each component for the specific location.

4. Answer: c) The height of nearby buildings

Explanation: The reading focuses on wind patterns, construction materials, and local weather, not the height of surrounding buildings.

5. Answer: a) To reduce the weight of the overall structure.

•Explanation: The passage mentions that steel is chosen for its lighter weight compared to concrete, making the overall structure less stressed.

6. Answer: d) Regular maintenance for optimal performance.

•Explanation: The text emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate materials that require minimal maintenance for the turbine to function well.

7. Answer: a) Common-sense approach to wind turbine design.

•Explanation: The passage describes achieving a balance between performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness as a fundamental and crucial aspect of designing wind turbines.

8. Answer: b) Efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.

•Explanation: The text suggests that careful planning for wind turbine design leads to consistent, reliable, and economical electricity generation, making wind power a more efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 9 Pgs:76-77)-15

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 9 – Theory and practice

Vocabulary pp 76-77 – Discussing causes and effects – Updated on 11 May 2025

The definitions and sample sentences:

1.overheat (v): To become excessively hot.

•Sample Sentence: The laptop overheated after running intensive software for several hours.

•Turkish Definition: Aşırı derecede ısınmak.

•Turkish Translation: Dizüstü bilgisayar, birkaç saat boyunca yoğun yazılım çalıştıktan sonra aşırı derecede ısındı.

2.inflate (v): To fill with air or gas to make something larger or firmer.

•Sample Sentence: The airbag inflates rapidly in the event of a collision.

•Turkish Definition: Hava veya gazla doldurmak, şişirmek.

•Turkish Translation: Airbag, çarpışma durumunda hızla şişer.

3.overload (v): To overload a system with excessive demands or tasks.

•Sample Sentence: The electrical circuit overloaded due to too many appliances being connected.

•Turkish Definition: Aşırı talepler veya görevlerle bir sistemi aşırı yüklemek.

•Turkish Translation: Elektrik devresi, çok sayıda cihazın bağlanmasından dolayı aşırı yüklendi.

4.surge (n): A sudden powerful forward or upward movement

•Sample Sentence: The surge in the power supply caused the lights to flicker.

•Turkish Definition: ani güçlü bir ileri veya yukarı hareket.

•Turkish Translation: Güç kaynağındaki ani yükseliş, ışıkların yanıp sönmelerine neden oldu.

5.power supply (n): An electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.

•Sample Sentence: The power supply unit converts AC power into DC power for the computer.

•Turkish Definition: Elektrik yüküne elektrik gücü sağlayan elektrik cihazı.

•Turkish Translation: Güç kaynağı birimi, bilgisayar için AC gücünü DC güce dönüştürür.

6.a surge in the power supply (n): A sudden increase in the amount of electrical power provided.

•Sample Sentence: There was a surge in the power supply during the storm, causing some electronic devices to malfunction.

•Turkish Definition: Sağlanan elektrik gücünde ani bir artış.

•Turkish Translation: Fırtına sırasında elektrik gücünde bir artış oldu, bu da bazı elektronik cihazların arızalanmasına neden oldu.

7.corrode (v): To gradually destroy or damage metal, stone, or other materials.

•Sample Sentence: Exposure to saltwater can cause metal to corrode over time.

•Turkish Definition: Metal, taş veya diğer malzemeleri zamanla yavaşça tahrip etmek veya zarar vermek.

•Turkish Translation: Tuzlu suya maruz kalmak, zamanla metali paslanmasına neden olabilir.

8.ship's hull (n): The main body of a ship, including the bottom, sides, and deck but not the masts, superstructure, rigging, engines, or other fittings.

•Sample Sentence: The ship's hull was damaged after hitting an underwater rock.

•Turkish Definition: Geminin ana gövdesi, altı, yanları ve güverteyi içeren ancak direkler, üzer yapı, halatlar, motorlar veya diğer montajlar gibi direkler, üst yapı, halatlar, motorlar veya diğer montajlar gibi parçaları içermeyen geminin ana gövdesi.

•Turkish Translation: Gemiyi su altındaki bir kayaya çarptıktan sonra gemi gövdesi hasar gördü.

9.degrade (v): To deteriorate or decline in quality or standard.

•Sample Sentence: Exposure to sunlight can cause plastics to degrade over time.

•Turkish Definition: Kalite veya standardında kötüleşme veya düşüş.

•Turkish Translation: Güneşe maruz kalma, plastiklerin zamanla kötüleşmesine neden olabilir.

10.cannon (n): A large, heavy piece of artillery, typically mounted on wheels, formerly used in warfare.

•Sample Sentence: The castle's walls were equipped with cannons to defend against enemy attacks.

•Turkish Definition: Tekerlekler üzerine monte edilmiş, genellikle savaşta kullanılan ağır bir topçu parçası.

•Turkish Translation: Kale duvarları, düşman saldırılarına karşı savunma yapmak için toplarla donatılmıştı.

11.chicken cannon (n): A device used to test the impact of bird strikes on aircraft.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers use a chicken cannon to simulate bird strikes on airplane windshields.

•Turkish Definition: Kuş çarpmalarının uçak camları üzerindeki etkisini test etmek için kullanılan bir cihaz.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, uçak camlarına kuş çarpmalarını simüle etmek için tavuk topu kullanırlar.

12.goof (n): A mistake or blunder, often made in a silly or careless way.

•Sample Sentence: The engineer made a goof in the calculation, resulting in an incorrect measurement.

•Turkish Definition: Genellikle aptalca veya dikkatsizce yapılan bir hata veya yanılgı.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendis hesaplama yaparken bir hata yaptı ve yanlış bir ölçüm yapıldı.

13.tech egghead (n): A person who is highly knowledgeable about technology or science, especially computers or engineering, and is regarded as lacking in social skills or charisma.

•Sample Sentence: The tech egghead was brilliant at solving complex engineering problems but struggled to communicate effectively with others.

•Turkish Definition: Özellikle bilgisayarlar veya mühendislik hakkında son derece bilgili ve sosyal beceriler veya cazibesi olmayan biri olarak kabul edilen kişi.

•Turkish Translation: Teknik bilgisi olan kişi, karmaşık mühendislik problemlerini çözmekte harikaydı ancak diğerleriyle etkili iletişim kurmakta zorlanıyordu.

14.cockpit (n): The compartment from which a pilot controls the aircraft.

•Sample Sentence: The pilot sat in the cockpit, preparing for takeoff.

•Turkish Definition: Pilotun uçağı kontrol ettiği bölme.

•Turkish Translation: Pilot, kalkışa hazırlanmak için kokpite oturdu.

15.windshield (n): The front window of a car, bus, or other vehicle.

•Sample Sentence: The windshield of the car was cracked after a rock hit it on the highway.

•Turkish Definition: Bir araba, otobüs veya diğer aracın ön camı.

•Turkish Translation: Arabanın ön camı, otoyolda bir taşa çarptıktan sonra çatladı.

16.simulate (v): To imitate the appearance or character of.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers use computer models to simulate the behavior of structures under different conditions.

•Turkish Definition: Görünümünü veya karakterini taklit etmek.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler, farklı koşullar altında yapıların davranışlarını simüle etmek için bilgisayar modelleri kullanırlar.

17.mid-air (adj): Occurring in the air

•Sample Sentence: The mid-air collision between two planes was caused by a miscommunication between air traffic controllers.

•Turkish Definition: havada meydana gelen.

•Turkish Translation: İki uçağın havada çarpışması, hava trafik kontrolörleri arasında yanlış bir iletişimden kaynaklandı.

18.mid-air (n): The space or region in the air.

•Sample Sentence: The bird flew gracefully through the mid-air, searching for its next meal.

•Turkish Definition: Havada bulunan boşluk veya bölge.

•Turkish Translation: Kuş, bir sonraki öğününü aramak için havada zarifçe uçtu.

19.mid-air collision (n): A collision that occurs while both objects are in flight.

•Sample Sentence: The mid-air collision between the two helicopters resulted in tragic loss of life.

•Turkish Definition: Her iki nesnenin de uçuş halinde olduğu bir çarpışma.

•Turkish Translation: İki helikopter arasındaki havada çarpışma, trajik bir yaşam kaybına neden oldu.

20.compressed-air cannon (n): A device that uses compressed air to propel objects at high speeds.

•Sample Sentence: The compressed-air cannon is used to launch testing projectiles in the laboratory.

•Turkish Definition: Nesneleri yüksek hızlarda itmek için sıkıştırılmış hava kullanan bir cihaz.

•Turkish Translation: Sıkıştırılmış hava topu, laboratuvarda test mermilerini fırlatmak için kullanılır.

21.oven-ready (adj): Prepared and ready to be cooked or used.

•Sample Sentence: The ingredients for the experiment were oven-ready, simplifying the process for the researchers.

•Turkish Definition: Pişirilmeye veya kullanılmaya hazır olan.

•Turkish Translation: Deneyin malzemeleri fırına hazırdı, bu da araştırmacılar için süreci basitleştirdi.

22.devastating (adj): Causing severe shock, distress, or grief.

•Sample Sentence: The earthquake had a devastating effect on the infrastructure of the city.

•Turkish Definition: Ciddi şok, sıkıntı veya üzüntüye neden olan.

•Turkish Translation: Deprem, şehrin altyapısını ciddi şekilde etkiledi.

23.devastate (v): To destroy or ruin something completely.

•Sample Sentence: The flood devastated the coastal town, leaving many homeless.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi tamamen yok etmek veya mahvetmek.

•Turkish Translation: Sel, sahil kasabasını mahvetti ve birçok kişiyi evsiz bıraktı.

24.to be smashed (v): To be violently broken into pieces.

•Sample Sentence: The window was smashed by a falling tree branch during the storm.

•Turkish Definition: Parçalara ayrılmış şekilde şiddetle kırılmak.

•Turkish Translation: Pencere, fırtına sırasında düşen bir ağaç dalı tarafından kırıldı.

25.urban legend/urban myth (n): A modern myth, often with a macabre or humorous twist, circulated as true stories.

•Sample Sentence: The story of the haunted house was just an urban legend, with no evidence to support it.

•Turkish Definition: Genellikle doğru hikayeler olarak dolaşan, çoğunlukla korkunç veya komik bir yanı olan modern bir efsane.

•Turkish Translation: Lanetli ev hikayesi sadece bir şehir efsanesiydi, destekleyen hiçbir kanıtı yoktu.

26.come up with an idea (v): To think of or produce a new idea or plan.

•Sample Sentence: The engineer came up with an innovative solution to the problem.

•Turkish Definition: Yeni bir fikir veya plan düşünmek veya üretmek.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendis, probleme yenilikçi bir çözüm buldu.

27.bizarre (adj): Very strange or unusual, especially so as to cause interest or amusement.

•Sample Sentence: The experiment produced some bizarre results that were difficult to explain.

•Turkish Definition: Çok garip veya alışılmadık, özellikle ilgi veya eğlenceye sebep olacak kadar.

•Turkish Translation: Deney, açıklaması zor olan bazı garip sonuçlar üretti.

28.incident (n): An event or occurrence, typically one that is noteworthy or significant.

•Sample Sentence: The safety procedures were revised after the incident with the faulty machinery.

•Turkish Definition: Genellikle dikkate değer veya önemli olan bir olay veya durum.

•Turkish Translation: Hatalı makine ile yaşanan olaydan sonra güvenlik prosedürleri gözden geçirildi.

29.blast (n): A destructive wave of highly compressed air spreading outward from an explosion.

•Sample Sentence: The blast from the explosion shattered windows in nearby buildings.

•Turkish Definition: Patlamadan dışarı doğru yayılan yoğun sıkıştırılmış hava dalgası.

•Turkish Translation: Patlamadan gelen basınç dalgası, yakınlardaki binalardaki pencereleri parçaladı.

30.blast (v): To explode or destroy something with an explosive force.

•Sample Sentence: The demolition crew blasted the old building to make way for new construction.

•Turkish Definition: Patlamak veya patlayıcı bir kuvvetle bir şeyi yok etmek.

•Turkish Translation: Yıkım ekibi, yeni inşaat için yer açmak için eski binayı patlattı.

31.hoax theory (n): A false idea or belief, especially one that is deliberately fabricated or misleading.

•Sample Sentence: The hoax theory about the moon landing has been debunked by scientists.

•Turkish Definition: Özellikle kasıtlı olarak uydurulmuş veya yanıltıcı olan yanlış bir fikir veya inanç.

•Turkish Translation: Ay inişine ilişkin sahte teori, bilim insanları tarafından çürütüldü.

32.for ages (adv): For a long time; for an indefinite period.

•Sample Sentence: Engineers have been studying this problem for ages but still haven't found a solution.

•Turkish Definition: Uzun bir süre boyunca; belirsiz bir süre boyunca.

•Turkish Translation: Mühendisler bu problemi uzun süredir çalışıyorlar ama hala bir çözüm bulamadılar.

33.substantially (adv): To a large extent; considerably.

•Sample Sentence: The new software update has substantially improved the performance of the system.

•Turkish Definition: Büyük ölçüde; önemli derecede.

•Turkish Translation: Yeni yazılım güncellemesi, sistemin performansını önemli ölçüde artırdı.

CEFE Unit 9 p.76 Causes and Effects

1.because of: Used to indicate the reason or cause of something.

•Sample Sentence: The project was delayed because of the unexpected shortage of materials.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin nedenini veya sebebini belirtmek için kullanılır.

•Turkish Translation: Proje, beklenmedik malzeme kıtlığı nedeniyle gecikti.

2.due to: Because of; owing to.

•Sample Sentence: The experiment's failure was due to a miscalculation in the initial setup.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin nedenini veya sebebini belirtmek için kullanılır.

•Turkish Translation: Deneyin başlangıç kurulumundaki yanlış hesaplama nedeniyle başarısız oldu.

3.owing to: Because of; due to.

•Sample Sentence: The production line stopped owing to a technical malfunction in the machinery.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin nedenini veya sebebini belirtmek için kullanılır.

•Turkish Translation: Üretim hattı, makinedeki teknik arıza nedeniyle durdu.

4.cause (v): To make something happen; to bring about.

•Sample Sentence: The heavy rainfall caused flooding in low-lying areas.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin meydana gelmesine sebep olmak; neden olmak.

•Turkish Translation: Yoğun yağış, alçak bölgelerde sel oluşmasına neden oldu.

5.result in (v): To cause something to happen; to lead to a particular outcome.

•Sample Sentence: The design flaw resulted in the product being recalled from the market.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin meydana gelmesine sebep olmak; belirli bir sonuca yol açmak.

•Turkish Translation: Tasarım hatası, ürünün piyasadan geri çağrılmasına neden oldu.

6.result of: The outcome or consequence of something.

•Sample Sentence: The accident was the result of negligence in following safety procedures.

•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin sonucu veya sonucu.

•Turkish Translation: Kaza, güvenlik prosedürlerini takip etmekteki ihmalkarlığın bir sonucuydu.

7.consequently: As a result; therefore.

•Sample Sentence: The budget cuts led to a reduction in research funding; consequently, many projects were put on hold.

•Turkish Definition: Bir sonuç; dolayısıyla.

•Turkish Translation: Bütçe kesintileri, araştırma fonlarında azalmaya neden oldu; dolayısıyla birçok proje beklemeye alındı.

-Because of/ Due to/ Owing to + Noun/Ving (cause), Full sentence (S+V+…) (effect).

•Because of the increased wind load, the bridge design needs to be reinforced to ensure stability.

-Full sentence (S+V+…) (effect) because of/ due to/ owing to + Noun/Ving (cause).

•The building experienced structural damage due to the faulty foundation.

-Because of/ Due to/ Owing to + the fact that + Full sentence (cause), Full sentence (effect).

•Owing to the fact that the soil conditions were not properly assessed, the construction project encountered significant delays.

-Full sentence (effect) because of/ due to/ owing to + the fact that + Full sentence (cause).

•The power grid failed because of the fact that a transformer overloaded.

-Subject + cause + sb/sth + to + V1 .

•The use of lightweight materials allowed the engineers to design a more fuel-efficient car.

-Subject + result in + Noun/ Ving .

•Improper maintenance of the machine resulted in a costly breakdown.

-Subject + result in + sb/sth + Ving .

•The new production process will result in increasing the company's output by 20%.

-As a result of + Noun/ Ving (cause), Full sentence (effect).

•

As a result of the new welding technique, the team achieved a stronger and more durable joint.

-As a result of + the fact that + Full sentence (cause), Full sentence (effect).

•As a result of the fact that the concrete wasn't fully cured, the construction team had to postpone the next phase of the project.

-Full sentence (effect) as a result of + Noun/ Ving (cause).

•The bridge collapsed as a result of exceeding its weight capacity.

-Full sentence (effect) as a result of + the fact that + Full sentence (cause).

•The launch of the satellite was delayed as a result of the fact that a critical system malfunctioned.

-Full sentence (cause). Consequently/ Therefore/ As a result/ Hence, Full sentence (effect).

•The project experienced unexpected challenges. Consequently, the deadline will need to be extended.

-Full sentence (cause); consequently/therefore/ hence, full sentence (effect).

•The new regulations require stricter safety measures; hence, the production line needs to be modified.

READING

Read the text below and answer the questions

Understanding causes and effects is a crucial aspect of engineering, as it allows engineers to predict potential problems and develop effective solutions. For instance, when designing electrical systems, engineers must consider how various components interact with each other. If one component overheats, it can inflate the risk of other components becoming overloaded, leading to a surge in the power supply. This surge can cause the system to corrode or degrade over time, resulting in system failure. Consequently, engineers must thoroughly analyze each component's cause and effect relationship to ensure the system's reliability and longevity.

One fascinating example of cause and effect in engineering is the use of a chicken cannon to simulate mid-air collisions between aircraft and birds. A chicken cannon is a compressed-air cannon that fires a dead chicken at an aircraft's windshield to test its strength and durability. This unusual testing method came about due to an urban legend that airlines were losing planes because of mid-air collisions with birds. To investigate this claim, engineers came up with the idea of using a chicken cannon to simulate the impact of a bird strike. The results were devastating, with the chicken being smashed into the windshield, causing substantial damage.

The chicken cannon testing has since become a standard practice in the aviation industry, helping engineers design safer and more robust windshields. Owing to these tests, engineers have been able to identify potential weaknesses in windshield design and develop new materials that can withstand the impact of a mid-air collision. As a result, the number of incidents involving bird strikes has significantly decreased, and planes are now better equipped to handle these potentially devastating events. The use of a chicken cannon is an excellent example of how understanding causes and effects can lead to significant improvements in engineering design and safety.

1.What is the main focus of understanding causes and effects in engineering?

a) Predicting potential problems              b) Developing new materials

c) Designing innovative solutions            d) Testing aircraft engines

2.Why did engineers use a chicken cannon for the first time to simulate mid-air collisions?

a) To test the strength of aircraft engines   b) To investigate an urban legend

c) To inflate the risk of bird strikes            d) To design more robust windshields

3.In the first chicken cannon test, what was the result of the chicken being fired at the aircraft's windshield?

a) The windshield shattered                       b) The chicken bounced off harmlessly

c) The aircraft engine failed                      d) The windshield sustained substantial damage

4.How has the use of a chicken cannon impacted the aviation industry?

a) It has increased the number of bird strikes.

b) It has led to more incidents involving plane crashes.

c) It has decreased the number of bird strike incidents.

d) It has caused engineers to use outdated testing methods.

5.What have engineers been able to identify and develop as a result of chicken cannon testing?

a) Potential weaknesses in windshield design        b) Improved aircraft seating in case of a brid strike

c) New airline routes to avoid bird strikes             d) Faster aircraft engines to escape bird strikes

6.What does the use of a chicken cannon illustrate about engineering practices?

a) The importance of urban legends

b) The need for outdated testing methods

c) The significance of understanding causes and effects

d) The limitations of technological advancements

Answers and explanations

1. Correct answer: a) Predicting potential problems

•Explanation: Understanding causes and effects allows engineers to anticipate issues that may arise and develop effective solutions to address them.

2. Correct answer: b) To investigate an urban legend

•Explanation: Engineers used the chicken cannon to test the validity of an urban legend regarding mid-air collisions between aircraft and birds.

3. Correct answer: d) The windshield sustained substantial damage

•Explanation: The impact of the chicken on the windshield caused substantial damage, highlighting the importance of robust windshield design.

4. Correct answer: c) It has decreased the number of bird strike incidents.

•Explanation: By identifying weaknesses in windshield design and developing new materials, the use of the chicken cannon has helped reduce the frequency of bird strike incidents in the aviation industry.

5. Correct answer: a) Potential weaknesses in windshield design

•Explanation: Chicken cannon testing has allowed engineers to identify vulnerabilities in windshield design and develop stronger materials to improve aircraft safety.

6. Correct answer: c) The significance of understanding causes and effects

•Explanation: The use of the chicken cannon demonstrates how understanding the causes and effects of phenomena can lead to significant advancements in engineering design and safety practices.

LENG 102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH II EXTENSIVE SUPPORTING MATERIALS (Unit 9 Pgs: 74-75) -15

 

LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material

Unit 9 – Theory and practice

Vocabulary pp 74-75 – Comparing results with expectations – Updated on 04 May 2025

The definitions and sample sentences:

1. Aeronautical (adj) - Havacılık (adj): Used for things related to flight or airplanes.

•English: We're developing new aeronautical materials to improve airplane performance.

•Turkish: Uçak performansını arttırmak için yeni havacılık malzemeleri geliştiriyoruz.

2. Rely on (v) - Güvenmek (v): To depend on something.

•English: The new bridge design relies on strong support beams.

•Turkish: Yeni köprü tasarımı sağlam destek kirişlerine güvenmektedir.

3. Trial and error (n) - Deneme yanılma (n): A method of solving problems by trying different things and learning from mistakes.

•English: We used trial and error to find the best settings for the machine.

•Turkish: Makine için en iyi ayarları bulmak için deneme yanılma yöntemini kullandık.

4. Unfamiliar territory (n) - Bilinmeyen alan (n): An area or subject that you don't know much about.

•English: Working with this new technology is unfamiliar territory for me.

•Turkish: Bu yeni teknoloji ile çalışmak benim için bilinmeyen bir alan.

5. On a steep learning curve (idiom) - Hızlı öğrenme sürecinde (deyim): Learning something new quickly and with some difficulty.

•English: I'm on a steep learning curve with this new software, but I'm getting the hang of it.

•Turkish: Bu yeni yazılımla hızlı öğrenme sürecindeyim ama yavaş yavaş alışıyorum.

6. Launch (v) - Fırlatmak (v): To send something (often a rocket or spacecraft) into space.

•English: The team is preparing to launch the new satellite next week.

•Turkish: Ekip, yeni uyduyu önümüzdeki hafta fırlatmaya hazırlanıyor.

7. Bear in mind (v) - Unutmamak (v): To remember something important.

•English: Bear in mind the safety precautions when working with this equipment.

•Turkish: Bu ekipmanla çalışırken güvenlik önlemlerini unutmamak gerekir.

8. Shoot up (v) - Hızla yükselmek (v): To increase rapidly.

•English: The cost of materials has been shooting up lately.

•Turkish: Malzeme fiyatları son zamanlarda hızla yükseliyor.

9. Reasonably (adv) - Makul bir şekilde (adv): In a way that is fair and sensible.

•English: We can expect to finish the project reasonably on time.

•Turkish: Projeyi makul bir şekilde zamanında bitirebileceğimizi düşünüyoruz.

10. Exceed (v) - Aşmak (v): To be greater than something.

•English: The new engine design exceeds all performance expectations.

•Turkish: Yeni motor tasarımı tüm performans beklentilerini aşıyor.

11. Ecstatic (adj) - Mutlu (adj): Very happy and excited.

•English: The team was ecstatic about the successful launch of the rocket.

•Turkish: Ekip, roketin başarılı bir şekilde fırlatılmasından dolayı mutluydu.

12. In a split-second (adv) - Bir saniyenin küçük bir kesrinde (adv): In a very short amount of time.

•English: The driver had to react in a split-second to avoid the accident.

•Turkish: Sürücü kazayı önlemek için bir saniyenin küçük bir kesrinde tepki vermek zorunda kaldı.

13. Tumble over (v) - Dönerek Düşmek (v): To fall over while rolling.

•English: The astronaut did a somersault and tumbled over in zero gravity.

•Turkish: Astronot bir takla attı ve yerçekimsiz ortamda dönerek düştü.

14. Disposable (adj) - Atılabilir (adj): Designed to be thrown away after use.

•English: We used disposable gloves while handling the hazardous materials.

•Turkish: Tehlikeli malzemeleri ele alırken atılabilir eldiven kullandık.

15. Beaker (n) - Kimyasal deney deney tüpü (n): A glass container used in chemistry experiments.

•English: The scientist carefully poured the solution into the beaker.

•Turkish: Bilim insanı çözeltiyi dikkatlice kimyasal deney deney tüpüne döktü.

16. Inertia (n) - Eylemsizlik (n): The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

•English: Inertia makes it difficult to stop a moving car quickly.

•Turkish: Eylemsizlik, hareket halindeki bir arabayı hızla durdurmayı zorlaştırır.

17. Front-heavy (adj) - Öne eğimli (adj): Having more weight in the front than the back.

•English: The airplane was too front-heavy and had difficulty taking off.

•Turkish: Uçak çok öne eğimliydi ve kalkışta zorluk yaşadı.

18. Attain (v) - Sahip olmak (v): To achieve or reach something.

•English: The engineers are working to attain greater fuel efficiency.

•Turkish: Mühendisler daha fazla yakıt verimliliği sahip olmak için çalışıyorlar.

19. Turn out (v) - Olmak (v): To happen in a particular way.

•English: The experiment didn't quite turn out as we expected.

•Turkish: Deney beklediğimiz gibi olmadı.

20. Overfill (v) - Doldurmak (v): To put too much liquid or gas in something.

•English: Be careful not to overfill the tank, it could leak.

•Turkish: Depoyu doldurmamaya dikkat edin, sızabilir.

21. Expel (v) - Atmak (v): To force something out of a container or place.

•English: The engine expels exhaust fumes through the tailpipe.

•Turkish: Motor, egzoz dumanlarını kuyruk borusundan atar.

22. A quarter full, a third full (phrases) - Dörtte biri dolu, üçte biri dolu (sözcük takımı): Describing the level of liquid in a container.

•English: The cup is about a quarter full of water.

•Turkish: Bardak yaklaşık dörtte biri dolu su var.

23. Underestimate (v) - Azımsamak (v): To judge something to be less important, powerful, or difficult than it really is.

•English: Don't underestimate the complexity of this project.

•Turkish: Bu projenin karmaşıklığığını azımsamayın.

24. Overestimate (v) - Abartmak (v): To judge something to be more important, powerful, or difficult than it really is.

•English: We may have overestimated the time needed to complete the task.

•Turkish: Görevi tamamlamak için gereken süreyi abartmış olabiliriz.

25. To be hardly up to sth (idiom) - Bir şeye pek uygun olmamak (deyim): To not be good enough for something.

•English: This old equipment is hardly up to the task of meeting today's production standards.

•Turkish: Bu eski ekipman, günümüzün üretim standartlarını karşılamak için pek uygun değil.

26. DIY (Do It Yourself) (adj) - Kendin Yap (adj): Refers to projects or repairs completed without professional help.

•English: I'm building a simple robot using a DIY kit.

•Turkish: Kendin Yap bir kit kullanarak basit bir robot inşa ediyorum.

27. Pressurisation (n) - Basınçlandırma (n): The act of increasing the pressure inside a container.

•English: The pressurisation of the rocket fuel tank is a critical step before launch.

•Turkish: Roket yakıt deposunun basınçlandırılması fırlatma öncesi kritik bir adımdır.

28. Compressor (n) - Kompresör (n): A machine that increases the pressure of a gas.

•English: The compressor in an air conditioner pumps cool air into your home.

•Turkish: Klima cihazındaki kompresör, evinize soğuk hava pompalar.

29. Launch pad (n) - Fırlatma rampası (n): The platform from which a rocket or spacecraft is launched.

•English: The astronauts boarded the spacecraft on the launch pad.

•Turkish: Astronotlar fırlatma rampasında uzay aracına bindiler.

30. Release (n) - Salınım (n): The act of letting something go or allowing it to escape.

•English: The sudden release of pressure caused the valve to burst.

•Turkish: Basıncın ani salınımı vana patlamasına neden oldu.

31. Release (v) - Salıvermek (v): To let something go or allow it to escape.

•English: The engineer carefully released the pressure from the boiler.

•Turkish: Mühendis, kazandan basıncı dikkatlice salıverdi.

32. Trigger (v) - Tetiklemek (v): To cause something to happen; activate.

•English: The high temperature triggered the fire alarm.

•Turkish: Yüksek sıcaklık yangın alarmını tetikledi.

33. Competitor (n) - Rakip (n): A company or person that competes with another in business.

•English: We need to develop new features to stay ahead of the competition.

•Turkish: Rakiplerin önünde kalmak için yeni özellikler geliştirmemiz gerekiyor.

34. Deem (v) - Düşünmek (v): To believe or consider something to be true.

•English: The engineers deem this new material to be strong enough for the project.

•Turkish: Mühendisler bu yeni malzemenin proje için yeterince güçlü olduğunu düşünüyorlar.

Instructions: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.

1.I'm working on a(n) _______ project to build a bird feeder from recycled materials.

a) professional           b) industrial              c) DIY                 d) commercial

2.The safe storage of chemicals requires proper _______ to prevent leaks.

a) expectation            b) pressurisation       c) depression       d) decompression

3.The air conditioner uses a(n) _______ to cool down the incoming air.

a) expeller                  b) detector                c) releaser            d) compressor

4.The astronauts waved goodbye from the _______ before the rocket blasted off.

a) platform                 b) launch pad            c) runway             d) assembly line

5.A sudden _______ in the water pipe caused a leak in the kitchen.

a) release                    b)decrease                c) injection            d) absorption

6.The technician carefully _______ the pressure from the gas tank before maintenance.

a) increased                 b) maintained           c) released             d) triggered

7.The loud noise _______ the car alarm, startling everyone nearby.

a) exceeded                   b) expelled               c) released             d) triggered

8.We need to improve our product design to stay ahead of the _______.

a) colleagues                  b) competitors          c) clients               d) suppliers

9.The team _______ the new invention to be a major breakthrough in renewable energy.

a) knows                         b) understands         c) deems                 d) expects

10.Entering an _______ territory like deep-sea exploration requires careful planning.

a) unfamiliar                  b) familiar                 c) reasonable           d) disposable

11.Learning new software can be a(n) _______ learning curve, but it's rewarding.

a) slow                           b) steady                    c) steep                    d) flat

12.Always _______ the safety precautions when working with hazardous materials.

a) underestimate              b) bear in mind          c) trigger                d) expel

13.The new engine design _______ all performance expectations.

a) decreases                     b) exceeds                  c) releases               d) benefits

14.The scientist needed to use a(n) _______ to measure the volume of the liquid.

a) compressor                  b) trigger                     c) launch pad          d) beaker

15.The instructions for building the robot were unclear, so we had to use _______ to figure it out.

a) trial and error               b) trigger                     c) release                 d) pressurize

16.The __________ engineer was thrilled to work on designing the new spacecraft.

a) aeronautical                  b) disposable              c) trial and error      d) turn out

17.Engineers often have to __________ on computer simulations to predict the behavior of complex systems.

a) bear in mind                   b) rely on                    c) shoot up               d) overfill

18.The demand for renewable energy has __________ in recent years due to environmental concerns.

a) turned out                       b) underestimated        c) exceeded             d) shot up

19.The experiment __________ to be more difficult than we initially thought.

a) relies on                           b) is hardly up to           c) turns out            d) overfills

20.The robot __________ the obstacle in its path and continued moving forward.

a) exceeds                             b) tumbles over              c) is front-heavy    d) attains

Answer key: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. c 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. c 20. b

READING

Read the text below and mark the statements as True or False.

The Innovative Aeronautical Design of Our New Drone: A Deep Dive into Its Features and Development

In the ever-evolving world of engineering and technology, our company has consistently been at the vanguard, pushing the boundaries of innovation and setting new standards. Today, we are excited to present our latest product, an innovative drone meticulously designed with state-of-the-art aeronautical materials that significantly enhance its performance and efficiency.

The development of this drone is underpinned by a robust design that incorporates strong, yet lightweight materials. These materials, which our engineers have deemed to be strong enough after rigorous testing, were carefully selected following a series of trial and error experiments. This process was indeed a steep learning curve for our team, but it was a reasonably expected challenge given the unfamiliar territory we were venturing into.

The drone's engine design is a marvel in itself, exceeding all performance expectations by offering unprecedented fuel efficiency. This achievement is the result of a painstaking design process that takes into account the importance of every single detail. For instance, the drone's pressurization system, a critical step that ensures the proper functioning of the engine, has been designed with utmost precision. The sudden release of pressure could trigger a malfunction, and to prevent this, our engineers have designed a safety valve that carefully controls and releases the pressure from the engine.

In terms of competition, we are confident that our new drone will outpace its rivals. Its unique features, such as the DIY customization kit, make it a formidable competitor in the market. However, we are aware of the complexity of maintaining this leading position. It requires constant innovation and improvement, a challenge we are prepared to tackle head-on.

The launch of this new drone is scheduled for next week at our designated launch pad. The team is meticulously preparing for the event, ensuring all safety precautions are in place. We are ecstatic about this milestone and eagerly anticipate seeing our drone take flight.

However, we must remember that this is just the beginning. The cost of materials has been escalating lately, and we need to find reasonably priced alternatives without compromising on quality. This is a challenge we are ready to face, as we believe in our product and its potential to revolutionize the drone industry.

The drone's design also includes disposable components, making maintenance more convenient. The inertia of the drone has been carefully calculated to ensure stability during flight, and the beaker-shaped body allows for optimal airflow. The drone's control system is designed to be user-friendly, even for those in unfamiliar territory when it comes to drone technology.

In conclusion, our new drone is not just a product; it's a testament to our commitment to innovation and excellence. It's a product of countless hours of work, numerous trials, and the unwavering dedication of our team. We are confident that it will exceed your expectations and set a new benchmark in the aeronautical engineering field. We invite you to join us on this exciting journey as we continue to push the boundaries of what's possible in drone technology.

True / False---  1.The company has introduced a new drone designed with cutting-edge aeronautical materials to improve its performance and efficiency.

True / False---   2.The drone is designed with heavy materials to increase its durability.

 True / False-----3.The drone's engine design offers greater fuel efficiency and exceeds all performance expectations.

  True / False-----4.The development process was straightforward, and the engineering team did not face any challenges.

  True / False------5.The development process involved a steep learning curve and trial and error tests for the engineering team. 

  True / False------6.The drone's pressurization system is not a critical step in ensuring the proper functioning of the engine.

  True / False-------7.The drone has unique features, such as a DIY customization kit, making it a strong competitor in the market. 

   True / False-------8.The cost of materials has been decreasing lately, making it easier for the company to maintain the drone's quality.

    True / False-------9.The launch of the drone is planned for next week, and the team is preparing while ensuring all safety precautions are in place.

    True / False--------10.The drone's control system is designed to be complex, catering only to experienced drone users.

Answer key: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6.F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F