LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries
Vocabulary pp 78-79 – Discussing performance and suitability – Updated on 13 May 2025
The definitions and sample sentences:
1.Pushing the boundaries:
•Definition: To extend the limits or capabilities of something.
•Sample sentence: Engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of technology to create more efficient solutions.
•Turkish: Sınırları zorlamak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, daha verimli çözümler yaratmak için sürekli olarak teknolojinin sınırlarını zorluyorlar.
2.Performance:
•Definition: The manner in which a machine or system functions.
•Sample sentence: The performance of the new engine exceeded our expectations.
•Turkish: Performans
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Yeni motorun performansı beklentilerimizi aştı.
3.Suitability:
•Definition: The quality of being right or appropriate for a particular purpose.
•Sample sentence: The material's suitability for extreme temperatures makes it ideal for aerospace applications.
•Turkish: Uygunluk
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Malzemenin aşırı sıcaklıklar için uygunluğu, havacılık uygulamaları için ideal hale getirir.
4.Tubular:
•Definition: Having the shape of a tube or tubes.
•Sample sentence: The frame of the bicycle is made from tubular steel.
•Turkish: Borulu; boru şekline sahip
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Bisikletin çerçevesi borulu çelikten yapılmıştır.
5.Cost-effective:
•Definition: Producing good results without costing a lot of money.
•Sample sentence: Using recycled materials is a cost-effective way to reduce environmental impact.
•Turkish: Maliyet etkin; fazla para harcamadan iyi sonuçlar üreten
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Geri dönüştürülmüş malzemeler kullanmak, çevresel etkiyi azaltmanın maliyet etkin bir yoludur.
6.Fixed structure:
•Definition: A stationary or immobile construction.
•Sample sentence: The bridge's fixed structure ensures stability during high winds.
•Turkish: Sabit yapı
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Köprünün sabit yapısı, şiddetli rüzgarlar sırasında stabiliteyi sağlar.
7.Constituent:
•Definition: A component or part that makes up a whole system.
•Sample sentence: Steel and concrete are the main constituents of the building's structure.
•Turkish: Bileşen
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Çelik ve beton, binanın yapısının ana bileşenleridir.
8.To be embedded:
•Definition: To be firmly and deeply incorporated into something.
•Sample sentence: The sensors are embedded in the pavement to monitor traffic flow.
•Turkish: Gömülü olmak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Sensörler, trafik akışını izlemek için kaldırıma gömülüdür.
9.To be exposed to:
•Definition: To be subjected to or come into contact with something.
•Sample sentence: The metal components are exposed to harsh weather conditions.
•Turkish: Maruz kalmak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Metal bileşenler, sert hava koşullarına maruz kalır.
10.Erode:
•Definition: To gradually wear away or break down.
•Sample sentence: The river's currents erode the riverbank over time.
•Turkish: Aşındırmak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Nehir akıntıları zamanla nehir kenarını aşındırır.
11.Get exposed:
•Definition: To become uncovered or subjected to something.
•Sample sentence: Without proper protection, the electrical wires can get exposed to moisture.
•Turkish: Maruz kalmak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Uygun koruma olmadan, elektrik telleri neme maruz kalabilir.
12.Coastal defense:
•Definition: Measures or structures designed to protect coastal areas from erosion or flooding.
•Sample sentence: The government invested in coastal defense systems to mitigate the effects of rising sea levels.
•Turkish: Kıyı savunması
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Hükümet, yükselen deniz seviyelerinin etkilerini azaltmak için kıyı savunma sistemlerine yatırım yaptı.
13.Crumble away:
•Definition: To break or fall apart into small pieces gradually.
•Sample sentence: Over time, the ancient ruins crumble away due to weathering.
•Turkish: Parçalanıp dağılmak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Zamanla, eski kalıntılar aşınmadan dolayı parçalanıp dağılır.
14.Slender structure:
•Definition: A structure that is thin or narrow in proportion to its length.
•Sample sentence: The skyscraper's design incorporates slender structures to reduce wind resistance.
•Turkish: İnce yapı
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Gökdelenin tasarımı, rüzgar direncini azaltmak için ince yapıları içerir.
15.Lump:
•Definition: A compact mass or piece of something.
•Sample sentence: The engineer noticed a lump of rust forming on the metal surface.
•Turkish: Topak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendis, metal yüzeyinde pas birikmesi oluşturan bir topak fark etti.
16.Fundamental:
•Definition: Essential or basic; forming the foundation or core.
•Sample sentence: Understanding mathematics is fundamental to studying engineering.
•Turkish: Temel
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Matematiği anlamak, mühendislik çalışmaları için temel niteliktedir.
17.Overhead power line:
•Definition: Electrical cables or wires suspended above the ground to transmit electricity.
•Sample sentence: The storm caused damage to several overhead power lines, resulting in power outages.
•Turkish: Havai enerji hattı
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Fırtına, birçok havai enerji hattına zarar verdi ve elektrik kesintilerine neden oldu.
18.Locally:
•Definition: In or relating to a particular area or place.
•Sample sentence: The company sources materials locally to support the community.
•Turkish: Yerel olarak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Şirket, toplumu desteklemek için malzemeleri yerel olarak kaynaklıyor.
19.Breakdown:
•Definition: The process of mechanical failure or malfunction.
•Sample sentence: The breakdown of the machine halted production for several hours.
•Turkish: Arıza
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Makinenin arızalanması, üretimi birkaç saat durdurdu.
20.In-axial stresses:
•Definition: Stresses that act within the axis of a structure or component.
•Sample sentence: Engineers need to consider in-axial stresses when designing load-bearing structures.
•Turkish: Eksenel gerilmeler
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, yük taşıyan yapıları tasarlarken eksenel gerilmeleri dikkate almak zorundadır.
21.Stem from:
•Definition: To originate or arise from a particular source or cause.
•Sample sentence: The problem stems from a lack of proper maintenance.
•Turkish: Köken almak
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Sorun, uygun bakım eksikliğinden kaynaklanıyor.
22.Overcome:
•Definition: To successfully deal with or defeat a problem or obstacle.
•Sample sentence: Engineers must find innovative solutions to overcome challenges in construction projects.
•Turkish: Üstesinden gelmek
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Mühendisler, inşaat projelerinde karşılaşılan zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için yenilikçi çözümler bulmalıdır.
23.Common-sense (noun):
•Definition: Practical judgment based on simple perception of the situation or facts.
•Sample sentence: Using common-sense engineering principles, the team identified the most efficient solution.
•Turkish: Sağduyu
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Ortak akıl mühendislik prensiplerini kullanarak, ekip en verimli çözümü belirledi.
24.Common-sense (adjective):
•Definition: Based on or exhibiting good sense and sound judgment in practical matters.
•Sample sentence: The common-sense approach to safety includes regular equipment inspections.
•Turkish: Sağduyulu
•Sample sentence (Turkish): Güvenlik konusundaki sağduyulu yaklaşım, düzenli ekipman denetimlerini içerir.
A comparison: What is effectiveness and what is efficiency? In engineering, effectiveness and efficiency are two crucial concepts that work together to achieve optimal results. Here's a breakdown of each and how they differ:
Effectiveness:
•Focuses on doing the right things.
•Asks the question: "Are we achieving the desired outcome?"
•Deals with choosing the correct solution to a problem that meets the project's goals and objectives.
Efficiency:
•Concentrates on doing things right.
•Asks the question: "Are we using resources wisely to achieve the outcome?"
•Involves minimizing waste (time, materials, effort) to complete a task or project.
Key Differences:
•Goal Orientation: Effectiveness is about achieving the right goal, while efficiency is about achieving any goal with minimal waste.
•Focus: Effectiveness deals with what to do, and efficiency deals with how to do it.
An analogy: Imagine building a bridge.
•Effectiveness: Choosing the right design and materials to ensure a safe and functional bridge that meets traffic needs.
•Efficiency: Completing the bridge construction within budget and schedule, using the least amount of materials and labor possible.
Both are Important:
While they are distinct, effectiveness and efficiency are interconnected. You can't have one without the other. Building a bridge incredibly fast (efficient) is pointless if it collapses (not effective). Conversely, taking forever to build a bridge (not efficient) isn't ideal even if it's perfect (effective).
By striving for both effectiveness and efficiency, engineers can create successful projects that achieve their goals while using resources wisely.
effectiveness vs. efficiency
1.goal-oriented : YES YES
2.effort-oriented : : NO YES
3.process-oriented : NO YES
4.cost-oriented : NO YES
5.time-oriented : NO YES
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions
Wind turbine engineers are constantly innovating to improve performance and suitability for different environments. While the basic design of a wind turbine with rotating blades, a tall tower, and a generator is well-known, optimizing each component for a specific location is crucial. Wind speed, consistency, and even local weather patterns all play a role in determining the best technical characteristics for a wind turbine.
For instance, in coastal areas with strong winds and salty air, engineers might choose a tubular steel tower over a concrete fixed structure. Steel is lighter and more resistant to corrosion from salt spray. Salt spray can quickly erode concrete, causing it to crumble away and potentially compromising the entire structure. However, slender steel towers can be more susceptible to bending under high winds, which can cause internal stresses and lead to breakdowns. Finding the right balance between weight and strength is key. Similarly, the materials used for the blades and their length are carefully chosen based on the wind patterns in the area. Longer blades can capture more wind energy in areas with consistent strong winds, but they may be impractical or even dangerous in locations with frequent gusts or turbulence.
Ultimately, the goal is to strike a common-sense balance between performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness. By carefully considering the technical characteristics of each location, from wind speed to potential for erosion, engineerscan design wind turbines that perform well. They can choose appropriate construction materials for each component, ensuring the turbine can withstand the local environment and requires minimal regular maintenance. This meticulous planning ensures consistent, reliable, and economical electricity generation, making wind power a more efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.
1.What is the MAIN reason engineers consider different materials for wind turbine towers in coastal areas?
a) To reduce the overall cost of the turbine. b) To make the tower more visible from a distance.
c) To improve the tower's resistance to salt spray erosion. d) To make the tower more aerodynamic.
2.Why might longer turbine blades be a disadvantage in some locations?
a) They are more expensive to manufacture and maintain.
b) They are heavier and put more stress on the tower.
c) They are less efficient at capturing weaker winds.
d) They are more likely to be struck by lightning.
3.The passage mentions that the design of a wind turbine is:
a) Well-established but needs to be optimized for location. b) Completely new and constantly changing.
c) Only suitable for offshore locations. d) Primarily focused on aesthetics.
4.Which of the following factors does NOT play a role in determining the technical characteristics of a wind turbine?
a) Local weather patterns b) Construction material costs
c) The height of nearby buildings d) Wind speed and consistency
5.What is the main purpose of using a tubular steel tower for wind turbines?
a) To reduce the weight of the overall structure. b) To provide a more stable base for the generator.
c) To improve the efficiency of the rotating blades. d) To create a habitat for nesting birds.
6.The passage suggests that wind turbines require:
a) Very little to no maintenance at all. b) Frequent and expensive repairs.
c) Only maintenance during extreme weather events. d) Regular maintenance for optimal performance.
7.According to the text, achieving a balance between performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness is a:
a) Common-sense approach to wind turbine design. b) Simple task requiring minimal planning.
c) Difficult and often unattainable goal. d) Goal that is constantly being debated.
8.The passage implies that wind power is becoming a more:
a) Expensive and unreliable source of energy. b) Efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.
c) Polluting and environmentally damaging source of power. d) Short-term solution to energy needs.
Answers and explanations
1. Answer: c) To improve the tower's resistance to salt spray erosion.
•Explanation: The passage highlights that steel is chosen for coastal areas due to its resistance to corrosion from salt spray, which can damage concrete.
2. Answer: b) They are heavier and put more stress on the tower.
•Explanation: The text explains that while longer blades capture more wind energy, they can also be impractical for locations with strong winds because they put a greater strain on the tower structure.
3. Answer: a) Well-established but needs to be optimized for location.
•Explanation: The passage clarifies that the basic design of a wind turbine is known, but factors like wind speed and local weather require engineers to optimize each component for the specific location.
4. Answer: c) The height of nearby buildings
Explanation: The reading focuses on wind patterns, construction materials, and local weather, not the height of surrounding buildings.
5. Answer: a) To reduce the weight of the overall structure.
•Explanation: The passage mentions that steel is chosen for its lighter weight compared to concrete, making the overall structure less stressed.
6. Answer: d) Regular maintenance for optimal performance.
•Explanation: The text emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate materials that require minimal maintenance for the turbine to function well.
7. Answer: a) Common-sense approach to wind turbine design.
•Explanation: The passage describes achieving a balance between performance, suitability, and cost-effectiveness as a fundamental and crucial aspect of designing wind turbines.
8. Answer: b) Efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.
•Explanation: The text suggests that careful planning for wind turbine design leads to consistent, reliable, and economical electricity generation, making wind power a more efficient and sufficient source of renewable energy.
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder