LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 9 – Theory and practice
Vocabulary pp 72-73 – Exchanging views on predictions and theories – Upd. on 04 May 2025
The definitions and sample sentences:
•Prediction (n):
•Definition: A statement about what will happen or might happen in the future based on evidence or reasoning.
•Sample sentence: Engineers use mathematical models to make predictions about the performance of structures under various conditions.
•Turkish definition: Tahmin
•Turkish sample sentence: Mühendisler, çeşitli koşullar altında yapıların performansı hakkında tahminler yapmak için matematiksel modeller kullanırlar.
•Theory (n):
•Definition: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed.
•Sample sentence: The theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein revolutionized our understanding of space and time.
•Turkish definition: Teori
•Turkish sample sentence: Albert Einstein tarafından önerilen izafiyet teorisi, uzay ve zamanın anlayışımızı kökten değiştirdi.
•Cargo (n):
•Definition: Goods carried by a large vehicle, ship, or aircraft.
•Sample sentence: The cargo hold of the airplane was filled with supplies for the remote village.
•Turkish definition: Kargo, Yük
•Turkish sample sentence: Uçağın kargo bölümü, uzak köye götürülmek üzere malzemelerle doluydu.
•Humanitarian aid (n):
•Definition: Assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to a crisis such as a natural disaster or conflict.
•Sample sentence: The Red Cross provided humanitarian aid to the victims of the earthquake.
•Turkish definition: İnsani yardım
•Turkish sample sentence: Kızıl Haç, deprem mağdurlarına insani yardım sağladı.
•To drop off sth (v):
•Definition: To deliver or deposit something at a specific location.
•Sample sentence: The helicopter will drop off medical supplies at the designated area.
•Turkish definition: Bırakmak
•Turkish sample sentence: Helikopter, belirlenen alanda tıbbi malzemeleri bırakacak.
•Air-drops (n):
•Definition: Supplies or equipment dropped from an aircraft by parachute.
•Sample sentence: The air-drops provided essential supplies to the stranded population.
•Turkish definition: Havadan indirme
•Turkish sample sentence: Havadan indirmeler, mahsur kalan nüfusa temel malzemeler sağladı.
•Air-drop (v):
•Definition: To deliver supplies or equipment from an aircraft by dropping them with parachutes.
•Sample sentence: The military air-dropped food and medicine to the remote village.
•Turkish definition: Havadan indirmek
•Turkish sample sentence: Askeri birlikler, uzak köye yiyecek ve ilaçları hava indirerek ulaştırdı.
•Air-dropped (adj):
•Definition: Describing supplies or equipment that have been delivered from an aircraft by dropping them with parachutes.
•Sample sentence: The air-dropped relief supplies arrived safely to the disaster area.
•Turkish definition: Havadan indirilmiş
•Turkish sample sentence: Havadan indirilmiş yardım malzemeleri, felaket bölgesine güvenli bir şekilde ulaştı.
•Airspeed (n):
•Definition: The speed of an aircraft relative to the air through which it is moving.
•Sample sentence: Pilots need to monitor airspeed carefully during takeoff and landing.
•Turkish definition: Hava hızı
•Turkish sample sentence: Pilotlar, kalkış ve iniş sırasında hava hızını dikkatlice izlemelidir.
•Groundspeed (n):
•Definition: The speed of an aircraft relative to the ground below it.
•Sample sentence: The groundspeed of the plane was reduced due to strong headwinds.
•Turkish definition: Yer hızı
•Turkish sample sentence: Uçağın yer hızı, güçlü rüzgarlar nedeniyle azaldı.
11.The horizontal speed (n):
•Definition: The speed of an object or vehicle in the horizontal direction, parallel to the ground.
•Sample sentence: Engineers calculated the horizontal speed of the projectile to determine its trajectory.
•Turkish definition: Yatay hız
•Turkish sample sentence: Mühendisler, projektilin yörüngesini belirlemek için yatay hızını hesapladılar.
12.Low-altitude (n):
•Definition: Relatively close to the ground.
•Sample sentence: The helicopter flew at a low altitude to avoid detection by enemy radar.
•Turkish definition: Düşük irtifa
•Turkish sample sentence: Helikopter, düşman radarı tarafından tespit edilmemek için düşük irtifada uçtu.
13.The vertical speed (n):
•Definition: The rate of change of altitude of an object or vehicle, typically measured in feet or meters per second.
•Sample sentence: The elevator's vertical speed was controlled by the hydraulic system.
•Turkish definition: Dikey hız
•Turkish sample sentence: Asansörün dikey hızı hidrolik sistem tarafından kontrol ediliyordu.
14.High-altitude (n):
•Definition: At a great distance above the ground.
•Sample sentence: High-altitude balloons are used for scientific research in the upper atmosphere.
•Turkish definition: Yüksek irtifa
•Turkish sample sentence: Yüksek irtifa balonları, üst atmosferde bilimsel araştırmalar için kullanılır.
15.Impact speed (n):
•Definition: The speed at which an object strikes another object.
•Sample sentence: Engineers analyzed the impact speed of the vehicle collision to assess the damage.
•Turkish definition: Çarpışma hızı
•Turkish sample sentence: Mühendisler, araç çarpışmasının hasarını değerlendirmek için çarpışma hızını analiz ettiler.
16.Impact damage (n):
•Definition: Damage caused by the collision or striking of an object.
•Sample sentence: The impact damage to the bridge required extensive repairs.
•Turkish definition: Çarpma hasarı
•Turkish sample sentence: Köprüye olan çarpma hasarı geniş kapsamlı onarımları gerektirdi.
17.Slide (v):
•Definition: To move smoothly along a surface, typically with a continuous contact.
•Sample sentence: The sled slid down the snowy hill.
•Turkish definition: Kaymak
•Turkish sample sentence: Kızak, karlı tepeden aşağı kaydı.
18.Roll (v):
•Definition: To move by turning over and over on an axis.
•Sample sentence: The ball rolled down the ramp.
•Turkish definition: Yuvarlanmak
•Turkish sample sentence: Top rampadan aşağı yuvarlandı.
19.The terminal velocity (n):
•Definition: The constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration.
•Sample sentence: The skydiver reached terminal velocity before deploying the parachute.
•Turkish definition: Terminal hız
•Turkish sample sentence: Paraşüt açmadan önce paraşütçü terminal hıza ulaştı.
20.Aerodynamic drag (n):
•Definition: The resistance experienced by an object moving through a fluid medium (such as air) due to its shape and surface characteristics.
•Sample sentence: Engineers aim to minimize aerodynamic drag to increase the efficiency of vehicles.
•Turkish definition: Aerodinamik direnç
•Turkish sample sentence: Mühendisler, araçların verimliliğini artırmak için aerodinamik direnci en aza indirmeyi hedefler.
21.Air resistance (n):
•Definition: The force that opposes the motion of an object through air.
•Sample sentence: Parachutists experience air resistance as they fall through the atmosphere.
•Turkish definition: Hava direnci
•Turkish sample sentence: Paraşütçüler, atmosferden düşerken hava direnci ile karşılaşırlar.
22.Distribute (v):
•Definition: To give out or deliver something to a number of people or places.
•Sample sentence: The organization distributes food to needy families in the community.
•Turkish definition: Dağıtmak
•Turkish sample sentence: Kuruluş, toplumda ihtiyaç sahibi ailelere yiyecek dağıtır.
23.Distribution (n):
•Definition: The act of distributing something.
•Sample sentence: The distribution of resources was uneven across different regions.
•Turkish definition: Dağıtım
•Turkish sample sentence: Kaynakların dağılımı farklı bölgeler arasında dengesizdi.
24.Weight distribution (n):
•Definition: The arrangement or allocation of weight within an object or structure.
•Sample sentence: Proper weight distribution is essential for the stability of the aircraft.
•Turkish definition: Ağırlık dağılımı
•Turkish sample sentence: Uçağın stabilitesi için uygun ağırlık dağılımı çok önemlidir.
RAEDING
Read the text below and answer the questions
In the vast and complex field of logistics and transportation, air-dropped cargos hold a unique and crucial position, particularly in situations where traditional ground transportation is not feasible or time-sensitive deliveries are required. The concept of air-dropped cargos involves the delivery of supplies or equipment from an aircraft by dropping them with parachutes, a method that has been used extensively in military operations, disaster relief efforts, and humanitarian aid missions.
The process of air-dropping cargos begins with careful planning and preparation. The cargo, which can range from food and medical supplies to vehicles and military equipment, must be securely packed and attached to parachutes designed to withstand the forces of the drop. The weight distribution of the cargo is a critical factor in this process. Proper weight distribution ensures the stability of the aircraft and the safe descent of the cargo. Engineers and logistics experts use mathematical models and well-substantiated theories to make predictions about the performance of the cargo under various conditions, taking into account factors such as airspeed, groundspeed, and vertical speed.
Airspeed, the speed of an aircraft relative to the air through which it is moving, is a crucial factor in the success of an air-drop mission. Pilots need to monitor airspeed carefully during the drop to ensure that the cargo is released at the correct speed and altitude. Groundspeed, the speed of an aircraft relative to the ground below it, and the horizontal speed, the speed of the aircraft in the horizontal direction, are also important considerations. These factors can be influenced by wind conditions and the terrain over which the aircraft is flying.
The altitude of the aircraft during the air-drop is another critical factor. Low-altitude air-drops, those relatively close to the ground, can be used to avoid detection by enemy radar or to deliver supplies to a specific location with precision. However, they also present challenges such as reduced reaction time and increased risk of collision with terrain or obstacles. On the other hand, high-altitude air-drops, at a great distance above the ground, can cover a larger drop area and reduce the risk of detection, but they require more sophisticated equipment and planning.
The impact speed, the speed at which the cargo strikes the ground, is a significant factor in determining the potential for impact damage. Engineers analyze the impact speed of the cargo to assess the risk of damage and to design parachutes and packing materials that can withstand the forces of the impact. Impact damage, damage caused by the collision or striking of an object, can result in the loss of critical supplies or equipment. Therefore, minimizing impact damage is a key goal in the planning and execution of air-drop missions.
The distribution of air-dropped cargos is another important aspect of these operations. The act of distributing something, whether it's supplies, resources, or even weight within an aircraft, is a critical aspect of many logistical tasks. In the context of air-dropped cargos, distribution can refer to the allocation of supplies among different drop zones or the arrangement of cargo within the aircraft to ensure proper weight distribution.
In conclusion, the concept of air-dropped cargos involves a complex interplay of various factors, including prediction, theory, cargo handling, airspeed, groundspeed, horizontal speed, low-altitude and high-altitude flights, impact speed, impact damage, and distribution. Each of these factors plays a crucial role in the planning and execution of air-drop missions, and understanding their interconnections and dependencies is essential for the success of these operations. Whether it's delivering lifesaving supplies to a remote village or providing critical support to military operations, air-dropped cargos are a vital tool in the field of logistics and transportation.
1.What is the process of air-dropping cargos?
a) Delivering supplies or equipment from an aircraft by dropping them with parachutes
b) Transporting supplies or equipment using ground vehicles
c) Delivering supplies or equipment using drones
d) Transporting supplies or equipment using ships
2.What is a crucial factor in the process of air-dropping cargos?
a) The color of the parachutes b) The weight distribution of the cargo
c) The type of aircraft used d) The time of day the drop is made
3.What is impact damage in the context of air-dropped cargos?
a) Damage caused by exposure to moisture
b) Damage caused by exposure to extreme temperatures
c) Damage caused by the collision or striking of an object
d) Damage caused by mishandling during transport
4.What is a challenge of low-altitude air-drops?
a) Reduced reaction time and increased risk of collision with terrain or obstacles
b) Difficulty in covering a large drop area
c) Increased risk of detection by enemy radar
d) Difficulty in delivering supplies to a specific location with precision
5.What is the purpose of proper weight distribution in the context of air-dropped cargos?
a) To ensure the cargo is delivered to the correct location
b) To ensure the stability of the aircraft and the safe descent of the cargo
c) To ensure the cargo is delivered on time
d) To ensure the cargo is not damaged during transport
6.What is the significance of minimizing impact damage in air-drop missions?
a) To ensure the safety of the aircraft and its crew
b) To save time and resources in the mission
c) To prevent the loss of critical supplies or equipment
d) To maintain the quality of the supplies being delivered
7.What does distribution refer to in the context of air-dropped cargos?
a) The allocation of supplies among different drop zones
b) The arrangement of cargo within the aircraft to ensure proper weight distribution
c) The delivery of supplies to the intended recipients
d) Both a and b
8.What is the role of engineers and logistics experts in air-drop missions?
a) To design and build the aircraft used in the mission
b) To plan and execute the mission, including predicting the performance of the cargo and assessing the risk of damage
c) To maintain and repair the aircraft and equipment used in the mission
d) To train the crew and personnel involved in the mission.
Answers and explanations
1.Answer: a) Delivering supplies or equipment from an aircraft by dropping them with parachutes Explanation: The text states that the process of air-dropping cargos involves delivering supplies or equipment from an aircraft by dropping them with parachutes.
2.Answer: b) The weight distribution of the cargo Explanation: The text mentions that proper weight distribution is a crucial factor in the process of air-dropping cargos to ensure the stability of the aircraft and the safe descent of the cargo.
3.Answer: c) Damage caused by the collision or striking of an object Explanation: The text defines impact damage as damage caused by the collision or striking of an object.
4.Answer: a) Reduced reaction time and increased risk of collision with terrain or obstacles Explanation: The text mentions that low-altitude air-drops present challenges such as reduced reaction time and increased risk of collision with terrain or obstacles.
5.Answer: b) To ensure the stability of the aircraft and the safe descent of the cargo Explanation: The text states that proper weight distribution is necessary to ensure the stability of the aircraft and the safe descent of the cargo.
6.Answer: c) To prevent the loss of critical supplies or equipment Explanation: The text mentions that minimizing impact damage is a key goal in air-drop missions to prevent the loss of critical supplies or equipment.
7.Answer: d) Both a and b Explanation: The text mentions that distribution in the context of air-dropped cargos can refer to both the allocation of supplies among different drop zones and the arrangement of cargo within the aircraft to ensure proper weight distribution.
8.Answer: b) To plan and execute the mission, including predicting the performance of the cargo and assessing the risk of damage Explanation: The text states that engineers and logistics experts use mathematical models and well-substantiated theories to make predictions about the performance of the cargo under various conditions and assess the risk of damage in air-drop missions. They are involved in planning and executing the mission.
Fill in the Blanks: Airdrop Mission
Instructions: Complete each sentence with the most appropriate word from the list.
prediction, theory, drop off, air-dropped, airspeed, groundspeed, horizontal speed, low-altitude, vertical speed, high-altitude, impact speed, slide, roll, aerodynamic drag, air resistance, distribute, distribution
1.The aid workers are finalizing the _________ plan for delivering supplies to the flood victims.
2.Due to bad weather, we may need to adjust the _________ for the airdrop.
3.The helicopter will _________ the emergency kits at designated points along the trail.
4.The _________ of the cargo will increase significantly as it falls towards the ground.
5.At high altitudes, parachutes are essential to slow down the _________ of the supplies.
6.The careful packing of the boxes minimizes the possibility of them _________ or _________ during landing.
7.Ideally, the _________ of the aircraft should match the wind speed for a precise drop.
8.The _________ of the falling object is reduced by air resistance, also known as _________ .
9.While _________ airdrops offer more control, they also pose a higher risk due to potential obstacles.
10. Following the airdrop, volunteers will be responsible for the _________ of the aid throughout the affected area.
Answers:
1.The aid workers are finalizing the distribution plan for delivering supplies to the flood victims.
2.Due to bad weather, we may need to adjust the airspeed for the airdrop.
3.The helicopter will drop off the emergency kits at designated points along the trail.
4.The vertical speed of the cargo will increase significantly as it falls towards the ground.
5.At high altitudes, parachutes are essential to slow down the impact speed of the supplies.
6.The careful packing of the boxes minimizes the possibility of them sliding or rolling during landing.
7.Ideally, the horizontal speed of the aircraft should match the wind speed for a precise drop.
8.The vertical speed of the falling object is reduced by air resistance, also known as aerodynamic drag.
9.While low-altitude airdrops offer more control, they also pose a higher risk due to potential obstacles.
10.Following the airdrop, volunteers will be responsible for the distribution of the aid throughout the affected area.
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