LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 9 – Theory and practice
Vocabulary pp 74-75 – Comparing results with expectations – Updated on 04 May 2025
The definitions and sample sentences:
1. Aeronautical (adj) - Havacılık (adj): Used for things related to flight or airplanes.
•English: We're developing new aeronautical materials to improve airplane performance.
•Turkish: Uçak performansını arttırmak için yeni havacılık malzemeleri geliştiriyoruz.
2. Rely on (v) - Güvenmek (v): To depend on something.
•English: The new bridge design relies on strong support beams.
•Turkish: Yeni köprü tasarımı sağlam destek kirişlerine güvenmektedir.
3. Trial and error (n) - Deneme yanılma (n): A method of solving problems by trying different things and learning from mistakes.
•English: We used trial and error to find the best settings for the machine.
•Turkish: Makine için en iyi ayarları bulmak için deneme yanılma yöntemini kullandık.
4. Unfamiliar territory (n) - Bilinmeyen alan (n): An area or subject that you don't know much about.
•English: Working with this new technology is unfamiliar territory for me.
•Turkish: Bu yeni teknoloji ile çalışmak benim için bilinmeyen bir alan.
5. On a steep learning curve (idiom) - Hızlı öğrenme sürecinde (deyim): Learning something new quickly and with some difficulty.
•English: I'm on a steep learning curve with this new software, but I'm getting the hang of it.
•Turkish: Bu yeni yazılımla hızlı öğrenme sürecindeyim ama yavaş yavaş alışıyorum.
6. Launch (v) - Fırlatmak (v): To send something (often a rocket or spacecraft) into space.
•English: The team is preparing to launch the new satellite next week.
•Turkish: Ekip, yeni uyduyu önümüzdeki hafta fırlatmaya hazırlanıyor.
7. Bear in mind (v) - Unutmamak (v): To remember something important.
•English: Bear in mind the safety precautions when working with this equipment.
•Turkish: Bu ekipmanla çalışırken güvenlik önlemlerini unutmamak gerekir.
8. Shoot up (v) - Hızla yükselmek (v): To increase rapidly.
•English: The cost of materials has been shooting up lately.
•Turkish: Malzeme fiyatları son zamanlarda hızla yükseliyor.
9. Reasonably (adv) - Makul bir şekilde (adv): In a way that is fair and sensible.
•English: We can expect to finish the project reasonably on time.
•Turkish: Projeyi makul bir şekilde zamanında bitirebileceğimizi düşünüyoruz.
10. Exceed (v) - Aşmak (v): To be greater than something.
•English: The new engine design exceeds all performance expectations.
•Turkish: Yeni motor tasarımı tüm performans beklentilerini aşıyor.
11. Ecstatic (adj) - Mutlu (adj): Very happy and excited.
•English: The team was ecstatic about the successful launch of the rocket.
•Turkish: Ekip, roketin başarılı bir şekilde fırlatılmasından dolayı mutluydu.
12. In a split-second (adv) - Bir saniyenin küçük bir kesrinde (adv): In a very short amount of time.
•English: The driver had to react in a split-second to avoid the accident.
•Turkish: Sürücü kazayı önlemek için bir saniyenin küçük bir kesrinde tepki vermek zorunda kaldı.
13. Tumble over (v) - Dönerek Düşmek (v): To fall over while rolling.
•English: The astronaut did a somersault and tumbled over in zero gravity.
•Turkish: Astronot bir takla attı ve yerçekimsiz ortamda dönerek düştü.
14. Disposable (adj) - Atılabilir (adj): Designed to be thrown away after use.
•English: We used disposable gloves while handling the hazardous materials.
•Turkish: Tehlikeli malzemeleri ele alırken atılabilir eldiven kullandık.
15. Beaker (n) - Kimyasal deney deney tüpü (n): A glass container used in chemistry experiments.
•English: The scientist carefully poured the solution into the beaker.
•Turkish: Bilim insanı çözeltiyi dikkatlice kimyasal deney deney tüpüne döktü.
16. Inertia (n) - Eylemsizlik (n): The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
•English: Inertia makes it difficult to stop a moving car quickly.
•Turkish: Eylemsizlik, hareket halindeki bir arabayı hızla durdurmayı zorlaştırır.
17. Front-heavy (adj) - Öne eğimli (adj): Having more weight in the front than the back.
•English: The airplane was too front-heavy and had difficulty taking off.
•Turkish: Uçak çok öne eğimliydi ve kalkışta zorluk yaşadı.
18. Attain (v) - Sahip olmak (v): To achieve or reach something.
•English: The engineers are working to attain greater fuel efficiency.
•Turkish: Mühendisler daha fazla yakıt verimliliği sahip olmak için çalışıyorlar.
19. Turn out (v) - Olmak (v): To happen in a particular way.
•English: The experiment didn't quite turn out as we expected.
•Turkish: Deney beklediğimiz gibi olmadı.
20. Overfill (v) - Doldurmak (v): To put too much liquid or gas in something.
•English: Be careful not to overfill the tank, it could leak.
•Turkish: Depoyu doldurmamaya dikkat edin, sızabilir.
21. Expel (v) - Atmak (v): To force something out of a container or place.
•English: The engine expels exhaust fumes through the tailpipe.
•Turkish: Motor, egzoz dumanlarını kuyruk borusundan atar.
22. A quarter full, a third full (phrases) - Dörtte biri dolu, üçte biri dolu (sözcük takımı): Describing the level of liquid in a container.
•English: The cup is about a quarter full of water.
•Turkish: Bardak yaklaşık dörtte biri dolu su var.
23. Underestimate (v) - Azımsamak (v): To judge something to be less important, powerful, or difficult than it really is.
•English: Don't underestimate the complexity of this project.
•Turkish: Bu projenin karmaşıklığığını azımsamayın.
24. Overestimate (v) - Abartmak (v): To judge something to be more important, powerful, or difficult than it really is.
•English: We may have overestimated the time needed to complete the task.
•Turkish: Görevi tamamlamak için gereken süreyi abartmış olabiliriz.
25. To be hardly up to sth (idiom) - Bir şeye pek uygun olmamak (deyim): To not be good enough for something.
•English: This old equipment is hardly up to the task of meeting today's production standards.
•Turkish: Bu eski ekipman, günümüzün üretim standartlarını karşılamak için pek uygun değil.
26. DIY (Do It Yourself) (adj) - Kendin Yap (adj): Refers to projects or repairs completed without professional help.
•English: I'm building a simple robot using a DIY kit.
•Turkish: Kendin Yap bir kit kullanarak basit bir robot inşa ediyorum.
27. Pressurisation (n) - Basınçlandırma (n): The act of increasing the pressure inside a container.
•English: The pressurisation of the rocket fuel tank is a critical step before launch.
•Turkish: Roket yakıt deposunun basınçlandırılması fırlatma öncesi kritik bir adımdır.
28. Compressor (n) - Kompresör (n): A machine that increases the pressure of a gas.
•English: The compressor in an air conditioner pumps cool air into your home.
•Turkish: Klima cihazındaki kompresör, evinize soğuk hava pompalar.
29. Launch pad (n) - Fırlatma rampası (n): The platform from which a rocket or spacecraft is launched.
•English: The astronauts boarded the spacecraft on the launch pad.
•Turkish: Astronotlar fırlatma rampasında uzay aracına bindiler.
30. Release (n) - Salınım (n): The act of letting something go or allowing it to escape.
•English: The sudden release of pressure caused the valve to burst.
•Turkish: Basıncın ani salınımı vana patlamasına neden oldu.
31. Release (v) - Salıvermek (v): To let something go or allow it to escape.
•English: The engineer carefully released the pressure from the boiler.
•Turkish: Mühendis, kazandan basıncı dikkatlice salıverdi.
32. Trigger (v) - Tetiklemek (v): To cause something to happen; activate.
•English: The high temperature triggered the fire alarm.
•Turkish: Yüksek sıcaklık yangın alarmını tetikledi.
33. Competitor (n) - Rakip (n): A company or person that competes with another in business.
•English: We need to develop new features to stay ahead of the competition.
•Turkish: Rakiplerin önünde kalmak için yeni özellikler geliştirmemiz gerekiyor.
34. Deem (v) - Düşünmek (v): To believe or consider something to be true.
•English: The engineers deem this new material to be strong enough for the project.
•Turkish: Mühendisler bu yeni malzemenin proje için yeterince güçlü olduğunu düşünüyorlar.
Instructions: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.
1.I'm working on a(n) _______ project to build a bird feeder from recycled materials.
a) professional b) industrial c) DIY d) commercial
2.The safe storage of chemicals requires proper _______ to prevent leaks.
a) expectation b) pressurisation c) depression d) decompression
3.The air conditioner uses a(n) _______ to cool down the incoming air.
a) expeller b) detector c) releaser d) compressor
4.The astronauts waved goodbye from the _______ before the rocket blasted off.
a) platform b) launch pad c) runway d) assembly line
5.A sudden _______ in the water pipe caused a leak in the kitchen.
a) release b)decrease c) injection d) absorption
6.The technician carefully _______ the pressure from the gas tank before maintenance.
a) increased b) maintained c) released d) triggered
7.The loud noise _______ the car alarm, startling everyone nearby.
a) exceeded b) expelled c) released d) triggered
8.We need to improve our product design to stay ahead of the _______.
a) colleagues b) competitors c) clients d) suppliers
9.The team _______ the new invention to be a major breakthrough in renewable energy.
a) knows b) understands c) deems d) expects
10.Entering an _______ territory like deep-sea exploration requires careful planning.
a) unfamiliar b) familiar c) reasonable d) disposable
11.Learning new software can be a(n) _______ learning curve, but it's rewarding.
a) slow b) steady c) steep d) flat
12.Always _______ the safety precautions when working with hazardous materials.
a) underestimate b) bear in mind c) trigger d) expel
13.The new engine design _______ all performance expectations.
a) decreases b) exceeds c) releases d) benefits
14.The scientist needed to use a(n) _______ to measure the volume of the liquid.
a) compressor b) trigger c) launch pad d) beaker
15.The instructions for building the robot were unclear, so we had to use _______ to figure it out.
a) trial and error b) trigger c) release d) pressurize
16.The __________ engineer was thrilled to work on designing the new spacecraft.
a) aeronautical b) disposable c) trial and error d) turn out
17.Engineers often have to __________ on computer simulations to predict the behavior of complex systems.
a) bear in mind b) rely on c) shoot up d) overfill
18.The demand for renewable energy has __________ in recent years due to environmental concerns.
a) turned out b) underestimated c) exceeded d) shot up
19.The experiment __________ to be more difficult than we initially thought.
a) relies on b) is hardly up to c) turns out d) overfills
20.The robot __________ the obstacle in its path and continued moving forward.
a) exceeds b) tumbles over c) is front-heavy d) attains
Answer key: 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. c 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. d 19. c 20. b
READING
Read the text below and mark the statements as True or False.
The Innovative Aeronautical Design of Our New Drone: A Deep Dive into Its Features and Development
In the ever-evolving world of engineering and technology, our company has consistently been at the vanguard, pushing the boundaries of innovation and setting new standards. Today, we are excited to present our latest product, an innovative drone meticulously designed with state-of-the-art aeronautical materials that significantly enhance its performance and efficiency.
The development of this drone is underpinned by a robust design that incorporates strong, yet lightweight materials. These materials, which our engineers have deemed to be strong enough after rigorous testing, were carefully selected following a series of trial and error experiments. This process was indeed a steep learning curve for our team, but it was a reasonably expected challenge given the unfamiliar territory we were venturing into.
The drone's engine design is a marvel in itself, exceeding all performance expectations by offering unprecedented fuel efficiency. This achievement is the result of a painstaking design process that takes into account the importance of every single detail. For instance, the drone's pressurization system, a critical step that ensures the proper functioning of the engine, has been designed with utmost precision. The sudden release of pressure could trigger a malfunction, and to prevent this, our engineers have designed a safety valve that carefully controls and releases the pressure from the engine.
In terms of competition, we are confident that our new drone will outpace its rivals. Its unique features, such as the DIY customization kit, make it a formidable competitor in the market. However, we are aware of the complexity of maintaining this leading position. It requires constant innovation and improvement, a challenge we are prepared to tackle head-on.
The launch of this new drone is scheduled for next week at our designated launch pad. The team is meticulously preparing for the event, ensuring all safety precautions are in place. We are ecstatic about this milestone and eagerly anticipate seeing our drone take flight.
However, we must remember that this is just the beginning. The cost of materials has been escalating lately, and we need to find reasonably priced alternatives without compromising on quality. This is a challenge we are ready to face, as we believe in our product and its potential to revolutionize the drone industry.
The drone's design also includes disposable components, making maintenance more convenient. The inertia of the drone has been carefully calculated to ensure stability during flight, and the beaker-shaped body allows for optimal airflow. The drone's control system is designed to be user-friendly, even for those in unfamiliar territory when it comes to drone technology.
In conclusion, our new drone is not just a product; it's a testament to our commitment to innovation and excellence. It's a product of countless hours of work, numerous trials, and the unwavering dedication of our team. We are confident that it will exceed your expectations and set a new benchmark in the aeronautical engineering field. We invite you to join us on this exciting journey as we continue to push the boundaries of what's possible in drone technology.
True / False--- 1.The company has introduced a new drone designed with cutting-edge aeronautical materials to improve its performance and efficiency.
True / False--- 2.The drone is designed with heavy materials to increase its durability.
True / False-----3.The drone's engine design offers greater fuel efficiency and exceeds all performance expectations.
True / False-----4.The development process was straightforward, and the engineering team did not face any challenges.
True / False------5.The development process involved a steep learning curve and trial and error tests for the engineering team.
True / False------6.The drone's pressurization system is not a critical step in ensuring the proper functioning of the engine.
True / False-------7.The drone has unique features, such as a DIY customization kit, making it a strong competitor in the market.
True / False-------8.The cost of materials has been decreasing lately, making it easier for the company to maintain the drone's quality.
True / False-------9.The launch of the drone is planned for next week, and the team is preparing while ensuring all safety precautions are in place.
True / False--------10.The drone's control system is designed to be complex, catering only to experienced drone users.
Answer key: 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6.F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F
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