LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 10 – Pushing the boundaries
Vocabulary pp 80-81 – Describing physical forces – Updated on 25 May 2025
The definitions and sample sentences:
1.Harnessing horsepower from nature (n):
•Definition: Utilizing natural energy sources to generate power.
•Sample sentence: Engineers are exploring ways to harness horsepower from nature, such as through wind and solar energy.
•Turkish: Doğadan güç elde etme.
•Örnek cümle: Mühendisler, rüzgar ve güneş enerjisi gibi doğal enerji kaynaklarından güç elde etmenin yollarını araştırıyorlar.
2.Donkey's years (n):
•Definition: A long time; a colloquial expression.
•Sample sentence: It took donkey's years for the project to be completed due to various setbacks.
•Turkish: Epey bir zaman.
•Örnek cümle: Projenin tamamlanması epey bir zaman aldı çeşitli aksaklıklardan dolayı.
3.Conceive (v):
•Definition: To form or devise a plan or idea.
•Sample sentence: The engineer conceived a revolutionary design for the new bridge.
•Turkish: Tasarlamak, düşünmek.
•Örnek cümle: Mühendis, yeni köprü için devrim niteliğinde bir tasarım düşündü.
4.Solar chimney (n):
•Definition: A structure that uses solar energy to create an updraft for ventilation or power generation.
•Sample sentence: The building was designed with a solar chimney to improve natural ventilation.
•Turkish: Güneş bacası.
•Örnek cümle: Bina, doğal havalandırmayı iyileştirmek için güneş bacasıyla tasarlandı.
5.Ambitious (adj):
•Definition: Having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed.
•Sample sentence: The engineering team has ambitious plans to develop sustainable infrastructure.
•Turkish: Hırslı, iddialı.
•Örnek cümle: Mühendislik ekibinin sürdürülebilir altyapı geliştirmek için iddialı planları var.
6.Capture (v):
•Definition: To take possession or control of something.
•Sample sentence: The system is designed to capture rainwater for reuse.
•Turkish: Yakalamak, ele geçirmek.
•Örnek cümle: Sistem, tekrar kullanım için yağmur suyunu yakalamak üzere tasarlanmıştır.
7.Colossal (adj):
•Definition: Extremely large or great in size, extent, or degree.
•Sample sentence: The dam project required a colossal amount of concrete.
•Turkish: Kocaman, devasa.
•Örnek cümle: Baraj projesi için kocaman bir miktar beton gerekiyordu.
8.Margin (n):
•Definition: The edge or border of something.
•Sample sentence: The margin of safety should be carefully calculated in engineering designs.
•Turkish: Kenar, marj.
•Örnek cümle: Güvenlik marjı mühendislik tasarımlarında dikkatlice hesaplanmalıdır.
9.By a huge margin:
•Definition: By a large amount or degree.
•Sample sentence: The new bridge exceeded safety standards by a huge margin.
•Turkish: Büyük ölçüde.
•Örnek cümle: Yeni köprü, güvenlik standartlarını büyük ölçüde aştı.
10.Enclosure (n):
•Definition: A structure that encloses something.
•Sample sentence: The electrical components were housed within a protective enclosure.
•Turkish: Kapsül, kafes.
•Örnek cümle: Elektrik bileşenleri, koruyucu bir kapsülün içine yerleştirilmişti.
PHYSICAL FORCES
1.Compression (Sıkıştırma):
•Definition: Compression is the action of pressing something together, reducing its volume or making it more compact.
•Sample Sentence: The compression strength of the concrete determines its ability to withstand pressure.
• Cümle (Turkish): Betonun sıkıştırma dayanımı, basınca karşı direncini belirler.
2.Bending (Bükme):
•Definition: Bending is the process of applying force to something, causing it to curve or flex.
•Sample Sentence: The beams in the bridge are designed to withstand bending forces.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Köprüdeki kirişler, bükme kuvvetlerine dayanacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.
3.Torsion/Torque (Torsiyon/Tork):
•Definition: Torsion or torque is the twisting or rotational force applied to an object.
•Sample Sentence: The engine generates high torque to rotate the wheels of the car.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Motor, arabanın tekerleklerini döndürmek için yüksek tork üretir.
4.Expansion (Genleşme):
•Definition: Expansion is the process of becoming larger or extending in size, volume, or quantity.
•Sample Sentence: Metal expands when heated due to thermal expansion.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Metal, ısındığında termal genleşmeden dolayı genişler.
5.Pressure (Basınç):
•Definition: Pressure is the force applied vertical to the surface of an object per unit area.
•Sample Sentence: The pressure inside the container increases with temperature.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Kap içindeki basınç sıcaklıkla birlikte artar.
6.Tension (Gerilme):
•Definition: Tension is the pulling force applied to an object, attempting to stretch it.
•Sample Sentence: The cables are under high tension to support the weight of the suspension bridge.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Kablolar, asma köprünün ağırlığını desteklemek için yüksek gerilim altındadır.
7.Shear (Kesme):
•Definition: Shear is the force that causes one part of a material to slide or shift parallel to an adjacent part.
•Sample Sentence: The shear stress along the joint needs to be calculated for proper structural design.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Birleşim boyunca kesme gerilimi, uygun yapısal tasarım için hesaplanmalıdır.
8.Friction (Sürtünme):
•Definition: Friction is the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
•Sample Sentence: Lubricants are used to reduce friction between moving parts in machinery.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Yağlayıcılar, makinelerdeki hareketli parçalar arasındaki sürtünmeyi azaltmak için kullanılır.
9.Contraction (Büzülme):
•Definition: Contraction is the process of becoming smaller or decreasing in size, volume, or quantity.
•Sample Sentence: The cooling of the metal causes contraction and may lead to dimensional changes.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Metalin soğuması, büzülmeye neden olur ve boyutsal değişikliklere yol açabilir.
10.Centrifugal Force (Santrifüj Kuvveti):
•Definition: Centrifugal force is the outward force that acts on a body moving in a curved path around another body.
•Sample Sentence: Engineers need to consider centrifugal forces when designing rotating machinery.
•Örnek Cümle (Turkish): Mühendisler, dönen makineleri tasarlarken santrifüj kuvvetleri dikkate almalıdırlar.
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions.
Understanding Physical Forces in Engineering
Introduction: In the world of engineering, it's essential to understand different physical forces to create strong and reliable structures and systems. This article explores some important forces in engineering and how they're used in real-life projects.
Compression: Compression is when something is pressed together, making it smaller. For example, when building a bridge, engineers need to make sure the concrete can handle the compression forces from the weight of the cars and trucks passing over it.
Bending: Bending happens when something is pushed or pulled, making it curve or flex. Think about a tall building in a windy city. The building needs to be designed to bend a little without breaking when strong winds blow against it.
Torsion/Torque: Torsion, also called torque, is a twisting force. In a wind turbine, the blades experience torsion as they rotate, converting wind energy into electrical power.
Expansion and Contraction: Expansion and contraction occur when materials get bigger or smaller because of changes in temperature. For instance, railway tracks can expand and contract depending on the weather, so engineers must plan for this to avoid accidents.
Pressure: Pressure is the force pushing on something. Hydraulic systems in construction machinery use pressure to lift heavy loads, like lifting a bulldozer blade.
Tension: Tension is when something is stretched. Suspension bridges, like the famous Golden Gate Bridge, use tension in their cables to support the weight of the road and traffic.
Shear: Shear is when one part of something slides against another part. Engineers must consider shear forces when designing buildings in earthquake-prone areas to prevent collapse during tremors.
Friction: Friction is the resistance when surfaces rub against each other. For example, engineers use lubricants in car engines to reduce friction between moving parts and make them last longer.
Centrifugal Force: Centrifugal force pushes things away from the center of rotation. In a washing machine, centrifugal force helps to spin water out of clothes during the spin cycle.
Conclusion: Understanding these physical forces is vital for engineers to create safe and efficient structures and systems. By considering compression, bending, torsion, expansion, pressure, tension, shear, friction, and centrifugal force, engineers can tackle the challenges of engineering projects with confidence and skill.
Mark the statements as True or False
1.Engineers use compression strength calculations to ensure concrete can withstand the weight of buildings.
2.Wind turbines experience torsion forces as their blades rotate to generate electricity.
3.Engineers do not need to consider wind forces when designing tall buildings in windy cities.
4.Shear forces are not a concern for buildings in earthquake-prone areas.
5.Railway tracks can expand and contract due to temperature changes, requiring engineers to plan for these fluctuations.
6.Suspension bridges utilize tension in their cables to support the weight of the roadway and traffic.
7.Hydraulic systems in construction machinery do not rely on pressure to lift heavy loads.
8.Friction between surfaces does not play a role in the wear and tear of mechanical systems.
9.Friction between moving parts in car engines can be reduced by using lubricants, increasing their longevity.
10.Centrifugal force pulls things toward the center of rotation instead of pushing them away.
Answer key: 1. T 2. T 3. F 4.F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F
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