LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 4 – Engineerin design
Vocabulary pp.32-33 – Discussing dimensions and precision
The definitions and sample sentences:
1. Dimension (n)
Definition: A measurement of length, width, or height. Sample Sentence: The engineer calculated the dimensions of the beam to ensure it could support the weight of the load. Türkçe Tanım: Uzunluk, genişlik veya yükseklik ölçümü. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, yükü taşıyabilmesi için kirişin boyutlarını hesapladı.
2. Precision (n)
Definition: The degree of exactness or accuracy of a measurement or calculation. Sample Sentence: The machinist used a high-precision instrument to ensure the part was made to the correct specifications. Türkçe Tanım: Bir ölçümün veya hesaplamanın doğruluk derecesi. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Tornacı, parçanın doğru standartlara göre yapılmasını sağlamak için yüksek hassasiyetli bir alet kullandı.
3. Accuracy (n)
Definition: The closeness of a measurement or calculation to the true value. Sample Sentence: The engineer calibrated the measuring tool to ensure the accuracy of the readings. Türkçe Tanım: Bir ölçümün veya hesaplamanın gerçek değere yakınlığı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, ölçümlerin doğruluğunu sağlamak için ölçüm aletini kalibre etti.
4. Imprecise (adj)
Definition: Not exact or accurate. Sample Sentence: The imprecise measurement led to an error in the calculation. Türkçe Tanım: Kesin veya doğru olmayan. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Kesin olmayan ölçüm, hesaplamada bir hataya yol açtı.
5. Slab (n)
Definition: A thick, flat piece of material, typically concrete or stone. Sample Sentence: The contractor poured a concrete slab for the foundation of the building. Türkçe Tanım: Genellikle beton veya taştan yapılmış kalın, düz bir malzeme parçası. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Müteahhit, binanın temeli için bir beton levha döktü.
6. Uneven (adj)
Definition: Not level or smooth. Sample Sentence: The uneven surface of the road made it difficult to drive. Türkçe Tanım: Düzgün veya pürüzsüz olmayan. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Yolun engebeli yüzeyi, sürüşü zorlaştırdı.
7. Slight (adj)
Definition: Small or not significant. Sample Sentence: The engineer made a slight adjustment to the design to improve the performance of the machine. Türkçe Tanım: Küçük veya önemsiz. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, makinenin performansını artırmak için tasarımda küçük bir ayar yaptı.
8. Amplify (v)
Definition: To increase the size or strength of something. Sample Sentence: The amplifier amplified the signal so that it could be heard more clearly. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şeyin boyutunu veya gücünü artırmak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Amplifikatör, sinyali daha net duyulabilmesi için güçlendirdi.
9. Amplified (adj)
Definition: Increased in size or strength. Sample Sentence: The amplified sound was much louder than the original sound. Türkçe Tanım: Boyutu veya gücü artırılmış. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Güçlendirilmiş ses, orijinal sesten çok daha yüksek çıktı.
10.Tilt (n)
Definition: An inclination or slope. Sample Sentence: The tilt of the tower was caused by the shifting of the foundation. Türkçe Tanım: Bir eğim veya meyil. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Kuledeki eğim, temel kaymasından kaynaklandı.
11.Tilt (v)
Definition: To cause something to slope or incline. Sample Sentence: The worker tilted the ladder so that he could reach the top of the roof. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şeyi eğmek veya eğilmesini sağlamak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: İşçi, çatıya ulaşabilmek için merdiveni eğdi.
12. Racking Elements (n)
Definition: Components that provide structural support to a system. Sample Sentence: The racking elements of the shelving unit prevented the shelves from collapsing. Türkçe Tanım: Bir sisteme yapısal destek sağlayan bileşenler. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Raf ünitesinin taşıyıcı elemanları, rafların çökmesini önledi.
13. Rack (n)
Definition: A frame or structure used to hold or support something. Sample Sentence: The server rack housed the computer equipment for the data center. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şeyi tutmak veya desteklemek için kullanılan çerçeve veya yapı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Sunucu rafı, veri merkezi için bilgisayar ekipmanlarını barındırıyordu.
14. Accommodate (v)
Definition: To provide space or facilities for something. Sample Sentence: The new building was designed to accommodate the company's growing workforce. Türkçe Tanım: Bir şey için alan veya olanak sağlamak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Yeni bina, şirketin büyüyen iş gücünü barındıracak şekilde tasarlandı.
15. Eventuality (n)
Definition: A possible future event. Sample Sentence: The engineer designed the bridge to withstand the eventuality of an earthquake. Türkçe Tanım: Gelecekte olabilecek bir olay. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, köprüyü bir depreme dayanabilecek şekilde tasarladı.
16. Wall-Mounted (adj)
Definition: Fixed or attached to a wall. Sample Sentence: The wall-mounted TV saved space in the living room. Türkçe Tanım: Duvara sabitlenmiş veya monte edilmiş. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Duvara monte edilen televizyon, oturma odasında yer kazandırdı.
17. Web (n)
Definition: A network or main frame, often referring to the structure of a material. Sample Sentence: The web of the steel beam provided structural support for the building. Türkçe Tanım: Bir malzemenin yapısını ifade eden ağ veya ana çerçeve. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Çelik kirişin ağı, binaya yapısal destek sağladı.
18. Flange (n)
Definition: A projecting rim or collar on the edge of an object used for strength, guiding, or attachment. Sample Sentence: The pipe is connected securely to the valve by a flange. Türkçe Tanım: Güçlendirme, yönlendirme veya bağlantı için bir nesnenin kenarındaki çıkıntılı kenar veya halka. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Boru, bir flanş ile valfe sağlam bir şekilde bağlandı.
TOLERANCE
Tolerance is a measure of the acceptable range of variation for a physical dimension or characteristic. It is typically specified as a plus-or-minus (±) value around a nominal or target value. For example, a bolt with a nominal diameter of 10 millimeters might have a tolerance of ±0.1 millimeters, meaning that the actual diameter of the bolt must be between 9.9 millimeters and 10.1 millimeters.
A tight tolerance is a small tolerance range, while a loose tolerance is a large tolerance range. Tight tolerances are typically used for critical components or dimensions where a small amount of variation could have a significant impact on performance or safety. Loose tolerances are typically used for less critical components or dimensions where a small amount of variation is acceptable.
A tolerance limit is the boundary of the acceptable tolerance range. If a measurement falls outside of the tolerance limits, it is considered to be outside tolerance or out of spec. This means that the part or component does not meet the required specifications and may not be suitable for use.
Tolerance is an important concept in engineering and manufacturing, as it helps to ensure that products are made to the correct specifications and meet the required performance and safety standards.
1. Tolerance (n)
Definition: A measure of the acceptable range of variation for a physical dimension or characteristic. Sample Sentence: The engineer ensured that all components were manufactured within the specified tolerance. Türkçe Tanım: Bir fiziksel boyut veya özelliğin kabul edilebilir değişim aralığı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Mühendis, tüm parçaların belirtilen tolerans içinde üretildiğinden emin oldu.
2. Within Tolerance (phrase)
Definition: Falling within the acceptable range of variation. Sample Sentence: The machine parts must be manufactured to be within tolerance to ensure proper functionality. Türkçe Tanım: Kabul edilebilir değişim aralığı içinde olmak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Makine parçalarının düzgün çalışmasını sağlamak için tolerans içinde üretilmesi gerekir.
3. Plus or Minus (+/-) (phrase)
Definition: Indicating the range of acceptable deviation from a given value in both positive and negative directions. Sample Sentence: The temperature of the chemical reaction can vary by plus or minus two degrees Celsius. Türkçe Tanım: Verilen bir değerden hem pozitif hem de negatif yönde kabul edilebilir sapma aralığını belirtme. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Kimyasal reaksiyonun sıcaklığı, artı veya eksi iki derece sapabilir.
4. Tight/Close Tolerance (phrase)
Definition: A narrow or small acceptable range of deviation. Sample Sentence: Precision instruments often require tight tolerance to achieve accurate results. Türkçe Tanım: Dar veya küçük kabul edilebilir sapma aralığı. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Hassas aletler, doğru sonuçlar elde etmek için genellikle dar tolerans gerektirir.
5. Outside Tolerance (phrase)
Definition: Falling beyond the acceptable range of variation. Sample Sentence: The dimensions of the metal frame were outside tolerance, requiring adjustments in the manufacturing process. Türkçe Tanım: Kabul edilebilir değişim aralığının dışında olmak. Türkçe Örnek Cümle: Metal çerçevenin boyutları tolerans dışında olduğundan, üretim sürecinde ayarlamalar yapıldı.
READING
Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):
"Dimensions and Precision in Engineering Design"
In the field of engineering, understanding dimensions and maintaining precision in design are critical aspects that significantly impact the success of any project. Let's explore these concepts further.
Dimensions in Engineering:
In engineering, dimensions refer to the measurements of length, width, or height of various components. Accurate dimensions are essential to ensure that each part fits seamlessly into the overall structure. Imagine constructing a building—each steel beam, concrete slab, and wall must adhere to specific dimensions outlined in the architectural plans.
Consider a scenario where a team of engineers is working on a new bridge. The dimensions of the supporting pillars, the length of the beams, and the width of the roadway are carefully calculated to guarantee the bridge's stability and safety. The precision in these dimensions is crucial to prevent any issues during construction and to ensure the final structure meets safety standards.
Precision in Engineering Design:
Precision is the quality of being accurate and exact. In engineering design, achieving precision is paramount, especially when dealing with intricate components such as electronic devices. Take, for instance, the production of circuit boards for a cutting-edge electronic gadget. Each tiny connection and component must be precisely placed to guarantee the device functions flawlessly.
An engineer designing a precision instrument, like a medical device or a high-tech sensor, must consider tight tolerances. This means that the acceptable range of variation in measurements is very small. Any deviation outside this narrow range could result in the malfunction of the device.
Balancing Tolerance:
Tolerance in engineering refers to the allowed difference between the desired and actual measurements. Ensuring that the manufactured parts are within tolerance is crucial for the functionality and reliability of the end product. Picture a car engine with various components—each piston, valve, and gear must be within tolerance to guarantee the engine's optimal performance.
However, achieving this balance is not always easy. Engineers must work diligently to prevent any part from falling outside tolerance, as even a slight deviation can lead to a breakdown or malfunction.
In conclusion, dimensions and precision are foundational principles in engineering design. Whether constructing buildings, designing electronic devices, or creating intricate machinery, engineers must pay meticulous attention to dimensions and maintain precision within tight tolerances. This commitment to accuracy ensures the success and safety of engineering projects in a wide range of industries.
1. What is the significance of dimensions in engineering?
A.Optional measurements B.Irrelevant to overall structure
C.Estimations for design D.Strict guidelines for construction
2. How does precision impact the design of electronic devices in engineering?
A.Precision is not necessary for electronic devices B.Precision ensures flawless device function
C.Precision is only relevant for large devices D.Precision is essential only for mechanical components
3. What is tolerance in engineering, specifically referring to measurements?
A.The allowed variation in dimensions B. An unnecessary aspect in engineering
C.The rigidity of design D.The maximum size of components
4. In the example of a bridge, why are precise dimensions crucial?
A.To save material costs B.To guarantee safety and stability
C.To speed up the construction process D.To allow for flexible design changes
5. Why is achieving tight tolerances important in the production of precision instruments?
A.To allow for a wide range of variations B.To make manufacturing easier
C.To ensure optimal performance D.To speed up the production process
6. What happens if a component falls outside tolerance in engineering design?
A. It has no impact on functionality B.It is acceptable in certain cases
C. It improves overall performance D.It may lead to malfunction or breakdown
7. What does the text suggest about the role of tolerance in manufacturing car engine components?
A.Tolerance is important for the engine's optimal performance
B.Tolerance has no impact on engine performance
C. Tolerance is irrelevant in car engine manufacturing
D.Tolerance is only significant for large engine parts
8. According to the text, why do engineers need to pay meticulous attention to dimensions and precision?
A.To increase construction costs B.To speed up project completion
C. To ensure the success and safety of engineering projects D.To simplify the design process
Answers and explanations:
1.Correct Answer: D. Strict guidelines for construction
•Explanation: Dimensions in engineering provide strict guidelines for construction, ensuring that each component fits seamlessly into the overall structure.
2.Correct Answer: B. Precision ensures flawless device function
•Explanation: Precision is crucial in electronic device design to ensure accurate placement of components, leading to flawless device function.
3.Correct Answer: A. The allowed variation in dimensions
•Explanation: Tolerance in engineering refers to the allowed variation in dimensions, indicating the acceptable range of deviation.
4.Correct Answer: B. To guarantee safety and stability
•Explanation: Precise dimensions in bridge construction are crucial to guarantee the safety and stability of the structure.
5.Correct Answer: C. To ensure optimal performance
•Explanation: Achieving tight tolerances in precision instruments is important to ensure optimal performance, as even small deviations can affect functionality.
6.Correct Answer: D. It may lead to malfunction or breakdown
•Explanation: A component falling outside tolerance in engineering design may lead to malfunction or breakdown, emphasizing the importance of adherence to specified tolerances.
7.Correct Answer: A. Tolerance is important for the engine's optimal performance
•Explanation: Tolerance is crucial in manufacturing car engine components to ensure the engine's optimal performance.
8.Correct Answer: C. To ensure the success and safety of engineering projects
•Explanation: Engineers need to pay meticulous attention to dimensions and precision to ensure the success and safety of engineering projects across various industries.
Read the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):
The Empire State Building: An Engineering Marvel
The Empire State Building, a towering skyscraper that stands as an iconic symbol of New York City, is a testament to human ingenuity and engineering prowess. Its construction, completed in 1931, marked a pivotal moment in the history of architecture, pushing the boundaries of design and technology to create a structure of unparalleled height and grandeur.
The building's dimensions, particularly its height, were groundbreaking for its time. Standing at a staggering 1,250 feet (381 meters), the Empire State Building held the title of the world's tallest building for nearly four decades, until it was surpassed by the World Trade Center in 1970. The building's construction required a high level of precision and accuracy, ensuring that the structure could withstand the immense forces of wind and gravity.
The construction of the Empire State Building was not without its challenges. The uneven and sloping terrain of the site required extensive excavation and foundation work to ensure a stable base for the building. The imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time necessitated careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations in materials and workmanship.
The building's design incorporates various elements to amplify its strength and stability. The steel web that forms the core of the structure provides exceptional rigidity, while the concrete slabs that form the floors help distribute weight evenly throughout the building. The racking elements, strategically placed throughout the structure, further enhance its resistance to lateral forces.
The Empire State Building's design also accommodates the eventuality of strong winds and earthquakes. The building's tilt, slightly angled towards the west, helps counteract the prevailing wind direction. The structure's foundation is also designed to withstand seismic vibrations, ensuring the building's stability during earthquakes.
The Empire State Building's construction and design demonstrate the ingenuity of engineers and architects who pushed the boundaries of technology and creativity to create a structure of unprecedented height and grandeur. The building's enduring legacy stands as a testament to the power of human innovation and the pursuit of architectural excellence.
1. Which of the following best describes the Empire State Building's construction?
(a) It was a straightforward process that utilized conventional methods.
(b) It posed significant challenges due to the imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time.
(c) It was completed ahead of schedule and within the initial budget.
(d) It involved minimal excavation and foundation work due to the level terrain.
2. Which element of the Empire State Building's design plays a crucial role in its strength and stability?
(a) The extensive use of concrete slabs throughout the building
(b) The placement of racking elements to enhance resistance to lateral forces
(c) The precise alignment of the building's steel web structure
(d) The slight tilt of the building towards the west
3. What was the primary reason for the Empire State Building's loss of the world's tallest building title in 1970?
(a) The construction of the World Trade Center surpassed its height
(b) The building's structural integrity was compromised due to age
(c) The advancement of architectural design led to taller structures
(d) The Empire State Building was damaged by a severe fire
4. Which of the following best summarizes the role of the Empire State Building's construction?
(a) It marked a breakthrough in architectural design and engineering techniques.
(b) It showcased the limitations of construction methods used at the time.
(c) It was a relatively uneventful process that followed established practices.
(d) It primarily focused on maximizing the building's height rather than stability. 7
5. Which element of the Empire State Building's design demonstrates its adaptability to external forces?
(a) The precise alignment of its steel web structure
(b) The use of concrete slabs to distribute weight evenly
(c) The slight tilt of the building towards the west
(d) The placement of racking elements throughout the structure
6. Which aspect of the Empire State Building's construction highlights the importance of precision and accuracy?
(a) The rapid pace of construction to meet the project deadline
(b) The use of prefabricated components to expedite the process
(c) The careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations
(d) The reliance on traditional construction methods without advanced technology
Answers and explanations:
1. (b) It posed significant challenges due to the imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time.
Explanation: The text specifically mentions that the imprecise nature of construction techniques at the time necessitated careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations in materials and workmanship. This suggests that the construction process was not straightforward and faced challenges due to the limitations of the available technology.
2. (b) The placement of racking elements to enhance resistance to lateral forces.
Explanation: The text states that racking elements, strategically placed throughout the structure, further enhance its resistance to lateral forces. This implies that the placement of these elements plays a crucial role in the building's strength and stability.
3. (a) The construction of the World Trade Center surpassed its height.
Explanation: The text directly states that the Empire State Building lost its title as the world's tallest building in 1970 when the World Trade Center was completed. This indicates that the primary reason for the title loss was the construction of a taller building.
4. (a) It marked a breakthrough in architectural design and engineering techniques.
Explanation: The text emphasizes the groundbreaking nature of the Empire State Building's construction, stating that it pushed the boundaries of design and technology to create a structure of unparalleled height and grandeur. This suggests that the construction process represented a significant advancement in architectural and engineering practices.
5. (c) The slight tilt of the building towards the west.
Explanation: The text mentions that the Empire State Building's slight tilt towards the west helps counteract the prevailing wind direction. This indicates that the building's design was adapted to accommodate external forces, specifically wind, to enhance its stability.
6. (c) The careful planning and adjustments to accommodate slight variations.
Explanation: The text highlights the importance of precision and accuracy during construction, stating that careful planning and adjustments were necessary to accommodate slight variations in materials and workmanship. This emphasizes the need for meticulous attention to detail to ensure the structural integrity of the building
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder