LENG101 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 5 – Breaking point
Vocabulary pp 40-41 – Assessing and interpreting faults
The definitions and sample sentences:
1.Assess (v): To evaluate or examine a situation or condition. Sample Sentence: Engineers need to assess the performance of the new system to ensure its efficiency. Definition (TR): Bir durumu veya koşulu değerlendirmek veya incelemek. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, yeni sistemin verimliliğini sağlamak için performansını değerlendirmelidir.
2.Interpret (v): To understand and explain the meaning or significance of something. Sample Sentence: Engineers must interpret the data collected from experiments to draw meaningful conclusions. Definition (TR): Bir şeyin anlamını veya önemini anlamak ve açıklamak. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, deneylerden toplanan verileri anlamlı sonuçlar çıkarmak için yorumlamalıdır.
3.Fault (n): A defect or imperfection in a system or machine. Sample Sentence: The technician identified a fault in the circuit that caused the equipment to malfunction. Definition (TR): Bir sistem veya makinedeki kusur veya eksiklik. Sentence (TR): Teknisyen, ekipmanın arızalanmasına neden olan devredeki bir kusuru tespit etti.
4.Faulty (adj): Having a defect or flaw. Sample Sentence: The faulty wiring led to a disruption in the electrical supply. Definition (TR): Bir kusur veya hata içeren. Sentence (TR): Hatalı kablolama, elektrik arzında kesintiye neden oldu.
5.Problem-solving checklist (n): A list of steps or actions to systematically address and resolve issues. Sample Sentence: Use a problem-solving checklist to troubleshoot and fix technical issues efficiently. Definition (TR): Sorunları sistematik bir şekilde ele almak ve çözmek için adımlar veya işlemler listesi. Sentence (TR): Teknik sorunları hızlıca çözmek için bir sorun çözme kontrol listesi kullanın.
6.User’s observation (n): Information gathered from the user's perception or experience. Sample Sentence: Engineers often rely on the user’s observations to identify potential problems in the system. Definition (TR): Kullanıcının algı veya deneyimlerinden toplanan bilgiler. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, sistemdeki olası sorunları belirlemek için genellikle kullanıcının gözlemlerine güvenir.
7.Nature of fault (n): The characteristics or properties of a malfunction or issue. Sample Sentence: Understanding the nature of the fault is crucial for devising an effective solution. Definition (TR): Bir arıza veya sorunun özellikleri veya nitelikleri. Sentence (TR): Arızanın doğasını anlamak, etkili bir çözüm geliştirmek için çok önemlidir.
8.Circumstance (n): A particular condition or situation. Sample Sentence: Engineers consider various circumstances when designing a system to ensure its reliability. Definition (TR): Belirli bir durum veya koşul. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, bir sistemin güvenilirliğini sağlamak için tasarım sırasında çeşitli durumları göz önünde bulundurur.
9.Circumstances of fault (n): The specific conditions surrounding a malfunction or issue. Sample Sentence: Investigating the circumstances of the fault helps in determining the root cause. Definition (TR): Bir arıza veya sorunu çevreleyen özel koşullar. Sentence (TR): Arızanın koşullarını araştırmak, sorunun temel nedenini belirlemeye yardımcı olur.
10.External factors (n): Influences or conditions from outside the system. Sample Sentence: Engineers need to account for external factors that may impact the performance of the structure. Definition (TR): Sistem dışından gelen etkiler veya koşullar. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, yapının performansını etkileyebilecek dış faktörleri göz önünde bulundurmalıdır.
11.Eliminate (v): To completely remove or get rid of something. Sample Sentence: Engineers aim to eliminate any unnecessary components to optimize system efficiency. Definition (TR): Bir şeyi tamamen kaldırmak veya kurtulmak. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, sistem verimliliğini optimize etmek için gereksiz bileşenleri ortadan kaldırmayı hedefler.
12.Elimination (n): The process of removing or getting rid of something. Sample Sentence: Through careful elimination of potential causes, the team identified the source of the problem. Definition (TR): Bir şeyi kaldırma veya kurtulma süreci. Sentence (TR): Olası nedenlerin dikkatli bir şekilde ortadan kaldırılmasıyla ekip, sorunun kaynağını belirledi.
13.Process of elimination (n): A systematic method of deducing the correct solution by eliminating incorrect possibilities. Sample Sentence: Engineers often use a process of elimination to identify the faulty component in a complex system. Definition (TR): Hatalı olasılıkları eleyerek doğru çözümü bulmaya yönelik sistematik bir yöntem. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, karmaşık bir sistemdeki hatalı bileşeni belirlemek için genellikle eleme yöntemini kullanır.
14.Identify (v): To recognize and name something. Sample Sentence: It is essential to identify the key factors influencing the performance of the software. Definition (TR): Bir şeyi tanımak ve adlandırmak. Sentence (TR): Yazılımın performansını etkileyen temel faktörleri belirlemek çok önemlidir.
15.Determine (v): To find out or ascertain through investigation. Sample Sentence: Engineers must determine the root cause of the issue before implementing a solution.(TR): Bir şeyi araştırma yoluyla bulmak veya belirlemek. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, bir çözüm uygulamadan önce sorunun temel nedenini belirlemelidir.
16.Urgency (n): The state of requiring immediate attention or action. Sample Sentence: The urgency of the situation prompted the team to work efficiently to resolve the problem. Definition (TR): Hemen ilgi veya eylem gerektiren durum. Sentence (TR): Durumun aciliyeti, ekibi sorunu çözmek için verimli bir şekilde çalışmaya yöneltti.
17.Urgent (adj): Requiring immediate action or attention. Sample Sentence: An urgent response is necessary to prevent further damage to the equipment. Definition (TR): Hemen eylem veya ilgi gerektiren. Sentence (TR): Ekipmanlarda daha fazla hasarı önlemek için acil bir yanıt gereklidir.
18.Occur (v): To take place or happen. Sample Sentence: System failures can occur if regular maintenance is not performed. Definition (TR): Meydana gelmek veya olmak. Sentence (TR): Düzenli bakım yapılmazsa sistem arızaları meydana gelebilir.
19.Injection (n): The process of introducing a substance into a system. Sample Sentence: Fuel injection is a common method used in modern car engines for efficient combustion. Definition (TR): Bir maddeyi bir sisteme ekleme işlemi. Sentence (TR): Yakıt enjeksiyonu, modern araba motorlarında verimli yanma için kullanılan yaygın bir yöntemdir.
20.Misfire (v): To fail to operate or fire correctly. Sample Sentence: The engine misfired due to a problem with the ignition system. Definition (TR): Doğru şekilde çalışamamak veya ateşlememek. Sentence (TR): Motor, ateşleme sistemindeki bir problem nedeniyle tekleme yaptı.
21.Misfiring (n): The occurrence of a misfire. Sample Sentence: Persistent misfiring can lead to reduced engine performance. Definition (TR): Tekleme durumunun meydana gelmesi. Sentence (TR): Sürekli tekleme, motor performansında düşüşe neden olabilir.
22.Misfiring (adj): Describing the state of not firing correctly. Sample Sentence: The misfiring engine was a result of a faulty spark plug. Definition (TR): Doğru şekilde ateşlemeyen durumu tanımlayan. Sentence (TR): Tekleyen motor, hatalı bir buji nedeniyle meydana geldi.
23.Down on power (adj): Having reduced or insufficient power output. Sample Sentence: The vehicle felt down on power, indicating a potential engine issue. Definition (TR): Azalmış veya yetersiz güç çıkışı olması durumu. Sentence (TR): Araç, motorla ilgili bir sorun olabileceğini göstererek güç kaybetmiş gibi hissettirdi.
24.Overheat (v): To become excessively hot. Sample Sentence: Continuous operation without proper cooling can cause the engine to overheat. Definition (TR): Aşırı derecede ısınmak. Sentence (TR): Uygun soğutma olmadan sürekli çalıştırma, motorun aşırı ısınmasına neden olabilir.
25.Overheating (n): The condition of becoming excessively hot. Sample Sentence: Overheating can lead to permanent damage to electronic components. Definition (TR): Aşırı ısınma durumu. Sentence (TR): Aşırı ısınma, elektronik bileşenlerde kalıcı hasara yol açabilir.
26.Outdoor unit (n): The component of a system designed for outdoor installation. Sample Sentence: The outdoor unit of the air conditioning system should be placed in a well-ventilated area. Definition (TR): Dış mekânda kurulum için tasarlanmış bir sistem bileşeni. Sentence (TR): Klima sisteminin dış ünitesi, iyi havalandırılmış bir alana yerleştirilmelidir.
27.Major (adj): Significant or important. Sample Sentence: The team identified a major flaw in the design that needed immediate attention. Definition (TR): Önemli veya büyük. Sentence (TR): Ekip, derhal dikkate alınması gereken büyük bir tasarım hatasını belirledi.
28.Sudden (adj): Occurring without warning or unexpectedly. Sample Sentence: The sudden loss of power indicated a critical issue in the electrical system. Definition (TR): Uyarı olmadan veya beklenmedik şekilde meydana gelen. Sentence (TR): Ani güç kaybı, elektrik sisteminde kritik bir soruna işaret ediyordu.
29.Suddenly (adv): In a sudden manner, without advance notice. Sample Sentence: The equipment stopped working suddenly, catching the operators by surprise. Definition (TR): Aniden, önceden haber vermeksizin. Sentence (TR): Ekipman aniden çalışmayı durdurdu ve operatörleri hazırlıksız yakaladı.
30.Intermittent (adj): Occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous. Sample Sentence: The intermittent connectivity issue made it challenging to diagnose the network problem. Definition (TR): Düzensiz aralıklarla meydana gelen; sürekli olmayan. Sentence (TR): Kesintili bağlantı sorunu, ağ problemini teşhis etmeyi zorlaştırdı.
31.Intermittently (adv): At irregular intervals or not continuously. Sample Sentence: The warning light flashed intermittently, suggesting a potential electrical issue. Definition (TR): Düzensiz aralıklarla veya sürekli olmayacak şekilde. Sentence (TR): Uyarı ışığı kesintili olarak yanıp söndü ve potansiyel bir elektrik sorunu olduğunu işaret etti.
32.Systematic (adj): Following a systematic and organized approach. Sample Sentence: Engineers conduct a systematic analysis to identify and address system vulnerabilities. Definition (TR): Sistematik ve düzenli bir yaklaşımı takip eden. Sentence (TR): Mühendisler, sistem açıklarını belirlemek ve çözmek için sistematik bir analiz yapar.
33.Systematically (adv): In a systematic and methodical manner. Sample Sentence: The team systematically reviewed the code to locate and fix bugs. Definition (TR): Sistematik ve metodik bir şekilde. Sentence (TR): Ekip, hataları bulup düzeltmek için kodu sistematik olarak inceledi.
34.Pre-heater (n): A device used to heat a system or component before regular operation. Sample Sentence: The pre-heater ensures that the engine reaches the optimal temperature for efficient combustion.Definition (TR): Sistemi veya bir bileşeni normal çalışmadan önce ısıtmak için kullanılan cihaz. Sentence (TR): Ön ısıtıcı, motorun verimli yanma için ideal sıcaklığa ulaşmasını sağlar.
35.Starter motor (n): The electric motor that starts an engine. Sample Sentence: A malfunctioning starter motor can prevent the engine from starting. Definition (TR): Motoru çalıştıran elektrikli motor. Sentence (TR): Arızalı bir marş motoru, motorun çalışmasını engelleyebilir.
36.Gauge (n): A device for measuring or indicating a quantity. Sample Sentence: The pressure gauge provides essential information about the condition of the hydraulic system. Definition (TR): Bir miktarı ölçmek veya göstermek için kullanılan cihaz. Sentence (TR): Basınç göstergesi, hidrolik sistemin durumu hakkında önemli bilgiler sağlar.
37.Temperature gauge (n): A gauge specifically designed to measure temperature. Sample Sentence: Keep an eye on the temperature gauge to prevent overheating during prolonged operation. Definition (TR): Sıcaklığı ölçmek için özel olarak tasarlanmış bir gösterge. Sentence (TR): Uzun süreli kullanım sırasında aşırı ısınmayı önlemek için sıcaklık göstergesini takip edin.
38.Override (v): To take control of something or prevent something from happening. Sample Sentence: The emergency shutdown can override regular operations for safety reasons. Definition (TR): Bir şeyi kontrol etmek veya olmasını engellemek. Sentence (TR): Acil durum kapatma işlemi, güvenlik nedenleriyle normal işlemleri geçersiz kılabilir.
39.Override (n): A mechanism that allows manual control to supersede automatic functions. Sample Sentence: The safety override automatically shut down the machine to prevent further damage. Definition (TR): Manuel kontrolün otomatik işlevlerin yerine geçmesine olanak tanıyan bir mekanizma. Sentence (TR): Güvenlik geçersiz kılma, daha fazla hasarı önlemek için makineyi otomatik olarak kapattı.
40.Safety override (n): A feature designed to prioritize safety by allowing manual intervention. Sample Sentence: The safety override function halted operations to prevent a potential hazard. Definition (TR): Manuel müdahaleye izin vererek güvenliği önceliklendiren bir özellik. Sentence (TR): Güvenlik geçersiz kılma işlevi, potansiyel bir tehlikeyi önlemek için işlemleri durdurdu.
41.Consistent (adj): Unchanging or uniform in behavior or performance. Sample Sentence: The consistent performance of the system is a testament to its reliability. Definition (TR): Davranış veya performans açısından değişmeyen veya tutarlı. Sentence (TR): Sistemin tutarlı performansı, güvenilirliğinin bir göstergesidir.
42.Consistently (adv): In a manner that is unchanging or uniform. Sample Sentence: The software consistently delivers accurate results under various conditions. Definition (TR): Değişmeyen veya tutarlı bir şekilde. Sentence (TR): Yazılım, çeşitli koşullar altında sürekli olarak doğru sonuçlar sunar.
43.Lubricate (v): To apply a lubricant, such as oil or grease, to reduce friction or wear. Sample Sentence: Regularly lubricate moving parts to ensure smooth operation and prevent damage. Definition (TR): Sürtünmeyi veya aşınmayı azaltmak için yağ gibi bir madde uygulamak. Sentence (TR): Sorunsuz çalışmayı sağlamak ve hasarı önlemek için hareketli parçaları düzenli olarak yağlayın.
44.Lubrication (n): The process of applying a lubricant. Sample Sentence: Adequate lubrication is essential for maintaining the longevity of mechanical components. Definition (TR): Bir yağlayıcı uygulama işlemi. Sentence (TR): Mekanik bileşenlerin ömrünü korumak için yeterli yağlama çok önemlidir.
45.Compress (v): To reduce the volume or size of something by applying pressure. Sample Sentence: The air compressor is used to compress air for various industrial applications. Definition (TR): Baskı uygulayarak bir şeyin hacmini veya boyutunu azaltmak. Sentence (TR): Hava kompresörü, çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalar için havayı sıkıştırmak için kullanılır.
46.Compression (n): The act or process of compressing. Sample Sentence: Engine performance relies on proper compression within the combustion chamber. Definition (TR): Sıkıştırma işlemi veya eylemi. Sentence (TR): Motor performansı, yanma odasındaki doğru sıkıştırmaya bağlıdır.
Types of Problems in Engineering
1. Sudden Problem:
•Definition: A problem that occurs unexpectedly and quickly. It can be caused by a sudden failure of a component, a change in operating conditions, or an external event.
•Example: A sudden loss of power in a machine due to a blown fuse.
•Impact: Sudden problems can cause immediate disruption to operations and safety concerns. They often require immediate attention and troubleshooting to resolve.
2. Intermittent Problem:
•Definition: A problem that occurs occasionally and not always. It can be difficult to diagnose and resolve because it may not be consistent in its behavior.
•Example: An electrical component that shorts out intermittently, causing lights to flicker.
•Impact: Intermittent problems can be frustrating to deal with and can lead to decreased productivity and efficiency. They require careful observation and testing to identify the root cause.
3. Systematic Problem:
•Definition: A problem that is caused by a flaw in the design or operation of a system. It is usually consistent and predictable in its behavior.
•Example: A machine that consistently produces defective parts due to a faulty assembly process.
•Impact: Systematic problems can be more challenging to solve as they require a deeper understanding of the system and its underlying flaws. They often require changes to the design or process to be effectively addressed.
READING
Read the the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):
A Misfiring Engine: A Case of Troubleshooting
Deep within a bustling factory, a large machine suddenly sputtered and coughed, its rhythm disrupted by an unwelcome misfire. Alarms blared, and production lines ground to a halt. The engineers, ever vigilant, rushed to assess the situation.
Identifying the Culprit:
The first step involved carefully assessing the situation. The engineers listened to the engine's erratic misfiring sounds, their eyes scanning the various gauges and meters. They gathered information from nearby workers, noting their user's observations about the machine's unusual behavior.
Next came the crucial task of interpretation. Analyzing the gathered data, the engineers sought to understand the nature of the fault and the circumstances surrounding its occurrence. Was it a sudden failure, or had there been intermittent signs of trouble? Were there any external factors, like temperature fluctuations or power surges, that could have triggered the problem?
Armed with their observations and deductions, the engineers embarked on a meticulous process of elimination. Using their problem-solving checklist, they systematically ruled out potential causes, one by one. They checked the fuel injection system, the starter motor, the pre-heater, and finally, the compression.
Urgency and Resolution:
With each step, the team narrowed down the possibilities, working with a sense of urgency. Time was of the essence, and the production line awaited their expertise. Finally, after hours of dedicated effort, they identified the culprit: a faulty spark plug.
Replacing the spark plug proved a relatively simple task. But the engineers didn't stop there. They delved deeper, investigating the circumstances of the fault. They determined that the spark plug had worn out prematurely due to inconsistent lubrication and overheating of the engine.
Preventing Future Mishaps:
With the immediate problem solved, the engineers focused on prevention. They implemented a systematic maintenance schedule, ensuring consistent lubrication and monitoring the engine's temperature with increased vigilance. Additionally, they installed a safety override to automatically shut down the engine in case of overheating.
Through their skilled interpretation, meticulous elimination, and determined problem-solving, the engineers had successfully identified and resolved the misfiring issue. Their efforts ensured not only the smooth operation of the machine but also the overall efficiency and safety of the factory.
1. What was the first thing the engineers did when the machine started misfiring?
a) Replaced the spark plugs b) Shut down the production lines
c) Assessed the situation d) Called for maintenance
2. What helped the engineers understand the nature of the fault?
a) The user's observations b) The sound of the misfiring
c) The problem-solving checklist d) The temperature gauge
3. What process did the engineers use to identify the cause of the problem?
a) Trial and error b) Elimination of possibilities
c) Consulting the manual d) Replacing parts randomly
4. Which component of the engine was ultimately found to be faulty?
a) The fuel injection system b) The starter motor
c) The pre-heater d) The spark plug
5. What was the main reason the spark plug failed prematurely?
a) Inconsistent lubrication b) Overheating
c) Wear and tear d) Faulty design
6. What steps did the engineers take to prevent future mishaps?
a) Installed a safety override b) Implemented a maintenance schedule
c) Monitored the engine temperature d) All of them
Answers and explanations:
1. c) Assessed the situation
Explanation: The passage specifically states that the first thing the engineers did was to carefully assess the situation by listening to the engine, observing gauges, and gathering information from nearby workers.
2. a) The user's observations
Explanation: The passage mentions that the engineers analyzed the user's observations, along with other data, to understand the nature of the fault.
3. b) Elimination of possibilities
Explanation: The engineers used a process of systematically eliminating potential causes, one by one, until they identified the faulty spark plug.
4. d) The spark plug
Explanation: The passage explicitly states that the spark plug was found to be the faulty component that caused the engine misfiring.
5. a) Inconsistent lubrication
Explanation: The passage explains that the spark plug failed prematurely because it was not receiving consistent lubrication.
6. d) All of them
Explanation: The passage mentions that the engineers installed a safety override, implemented a maintenance schedule, and monitored the engine temperature to prevent future problems.
Read the text below (B2 level):
Troubleshooting Techniques in Engineering
In the dynamic field of engineering, the ability to assess and interpret various issues is crucial for maintaining the optimal performance of systems. Engineers often encounter challenges such as faults and faulty components that require a systematic approach to problem-solving.
When a malfunction occurs, the first step is to establish a problem-solving checklist. This comprehensive list includes steps to eliminate potential causes systematically. Engineers must identify the nature of the fault and consider the circumstances of the fault to determine the root cause.
External factors, such as environmental conditions or user behavior, can significantly impact the performance of a system. Therefore, a keen eye for user’s observation is essential. Engineers rely on the observations provided by users to gain insights into the system's behavior under different conditions.
The process of elimination is a powerful tool in the engineer's toolkit. By eliminating possible causes one by one, engineers can pinpoint the source of the issue. This method requires a consistent and systematic approach to ensure accurate results.
Urgency plays a vital role in addressing system malfunctions. An urgent response is necessary to prevent further damage or system downtime. Engineers need to occur timely interventions to avoid potential cascading failures.
Misfiring in components, such as engines, can lead to a down on power situation. It's essential to overcome challenges like misfiring through proper diagnostics and timely interventions. Additionally, overheating is a common issue that requires engineers to monitor temperature gauges and implement effective cooling strategies.
Outdoor units of various systems are exposed to diverse conditions. Engineers must consider external factors and design robust systems that can withstand sudden changes in weather or environmental conditions.
Major issues can arise suddenly, requiring a swift and accurate response. Engineers need to address these challenges intermittently to ensure the continued reliability of the system.
In conclusion, troubleshooting in engineering demands a combination of technical expertise, analytical thinking, and a commitment to systematic problem-solving. By incorporating these techniques, engineers can navigate the complexities of system malfunctions and ensure the longevity and efficiency of engineering systems.
Fill in the gaps in the paragraph below based on the information given in the text above. Use the words given below.
a. external factors b. fault c. circumstances d. faulty e. occurring f. elimination
g. identify h. checklist i. assess j. reliability
In engineering, when a machine shows signs of a problem, the first step is to carefully 1…………. the situation. Engineers need to interpret the data available to understand the 2…………. and whether it's caused by a 3………….. component. Following a problem-solving 4…………….. helps in a step-by-step approach to eliminate potential issues. It's essential to 5…………… the nature of the fault by considering the 6…………….. of the fault. Engineers rely on user’s observation to gather valuable insights into the system's behavior. The process of 7……………. involves consistent and systematic removal of possible causes. Urgency is crucial, and an urgent response is necessary to prevent further issues from 8…………… . Misfiring and overheating are common concerns that require attention. Outdoor units must withstand various 9…………….., and engineers need to address issues suddenly and intermittently to ensure system 10…………… .
Answer key: 1. i 2. b 3. d 4. h 5. g 6. c 7. f 8. e 9. a 10. j
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