LENG102 FRESHMAN ENGLISH – Extensive supporting material
Unit 6 – Technical development
Vocabulary pp 48-49 – Suggesting ideas and solutions
The definitions and sample sentences:
1.Ingenious (adj) / Zekice; dahiyane
•English Definition: Cleverly inventive and resourceful.
•Turkish Definition: Akıllıca buluşçu ve kaynakça zengin.
•Sample Sentence: "The engineer's ingenious solution significantly reduced the project's cost."
•Turkish Translation: "Mühendisin zekice çözümü, projenin maliyetini önemli ölçüde azalttı."
2.Brainstorming (n) / Beyin Fırtınası
•English Definition: A group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous contribution of ideas from all members of the group.
•Turkish Definition: Grup üyelerinin hepsinin fikirlerini spontane şekilde katkıda bulunduğu bir grup problem çözme tekniği.
•Sample Sentence: "During the brainstorming session, we came up with several innovative designs."
•Turkish Translation: "Beyin fırtınası oturumunda, birkaç yenilikçi tasarım ortaya koyduk."
3.Progressively (adv) / Aşamalı olarak
•English Definition: Advancing in steps or degrees.
•Turkish Definition: Adımlar halinde veya dereceler içinde ilerleyen.
•Sample Sentence: "The software updates progressively improved the system's performance."
•Turkish Translation: "Yazılım güncellemeleri, sistemin performansını aşamalı olarak iyileştirdi."
4.Continually (adv) / Sürekli olarak
•English Definition: Repeated frequently in the same way; continuously.
•Turkish Definition: Aynı şekilde sık sık tekrarlanan; sürekli.
•Sample Sentence: "The team continually tests the product to ensure its quality."
•Turkish Translation: "Ekip, ürünün kalitesini garanti altına almak için sürekli olarak test eder."
5.Carve (v) / Oymak
•English Definition: To cut (a hard material) in order to produce an object, shape, or design.
•Turkish Definition: Bir nesne, şekil veya tasarım üretmek için (sert bir malzemeyi) kesmek.
•Sample Sentence: "The artist carved a beautiful sculpture from a single block of marble."
•Turkish Translation: "Sanatçı, tek bir mermer bloğundan güzel bir heykel oydu."
6.Carving (n) / Oyma
•English Definition: The act or craft of shaping something by cutting it from a material.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi bir malzemeden keserek şekillendirme işi veya sanatı.
•Sample Sentence: "The museum displayed ancient carvings that were centuries old."
•Turkish Translation: "Müze, yüzyıllar öncesine ait antik oymalar sergiledi."
7.Statue (n) / Heykel
•English Definition: A sculpture representing a person or animal, typically made of metal, stone, or other durable material.
•Turkish Definition: Tipik olarak metal, taş veya diğer dayanıklı malzemelerden yapılmış bir kişi veya hayvanı temsil eden bir heykel.
•Sample Sentence: "The statue in the park is a tribute to the city's founder."
•Turkish Translation: "Parktaki heykel, şehrin kurucusuna bir saygı duruşudur."
8.Plinth (n) / Kaide
•English Definition: A heavy base supporting a statue or vase.
•Turkish Definition: Bir heykel veya vazoyu destekleyen ağır bir taban.
•Sample Sentence: "The statue was mounted on a marble plinth."
•Turkish Translation: "Heykel, mermer bir kaideye monte edildi."
9.Literally (adv) / Harfiyen; kelimenin tam anlamıyla
•English Definition: In a literal manner or sense; exactly; truely
•Turkish Definition: Harfi harfine veya anlamda; tam olarak; gerçekten.
•Sample Sentence: "The bridge was literally built overnight."
•Turkish Translation: "Köprü gerçekten bir gecede inşa edildi."
10.Soon to be completed (adj) / Yakında tamamlanacak
•English Definition: Referring to something that is near its completion.
•Turkish Definition: Tamamlanmasına yakın bir şeyi ifade eder.
•Sample Sentence: "The new library is soon to be completed and will open next month."
•Turkish Translation: "Yeni kütüphane yakında tamamlanacak ve gelecek ay açılacak."
11.Life-sized (adj) / Gerçek boyutlu
•English Definition: As big as the person or thing it represents.
•Turkish Definition: Temsil ettiği kişi veya şey kadar büyük.
•Sample Sentence: "The exhibition features a life-sized model of a dinosaur."
•Turkish Translation: "Sergi, bir dinozorun gerçek boyutlu bir modelini içeriyor."
12.Oversee (v) / Gözetmek
•English Definition: To watch over and direct; to supervise.
•Turkish Definition: Üzerinde gözlem yapmak ve yönlendirmek; denetlemek.
•Sample Sentence: "The engineer was tasked to oversee the construction project."
•Turkish Translation: "Mühendise inşaat projesini gözetme görevi verildi."
13.Logistics (n) / Lojistik
•English Definition: The detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies.
•Turkish Definition: Birçok insanı, tesisi veya malzemeyi içeren karmaşık bir operasyonun ayrıntılı koordinasyonu.
•Sample Sentence: "The company excels in logistics, ensuring that products are delivered on time."
•Turkish Translation: "Şirket, ürünlerin zamanında teslim edilmesini sağlayarak lojistikte mükemmeldir."
14.Figure out (v) / Çözmek
•English Definition: To understand or solve something.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi anlamak veya çözmek.
•Sample Sentence: "The engineers figured out a way to increase the efficiency of the engine."
•Turkish Translation: "Mühendisler, motorun verimliliğini artırmanın bir yolunu buldular."
15.Sling (n) / Askı; kayış
•English Definition: A band or strap used for lifting or carrying heavy objects.
•Turkish Definition: Ağır nesneleri kaldırmak veya taşımak için kullanılan bir bant veya kayış.
•Sample Sentence: "They used a sling to lift the heavy beam onto the truck."
•Turkish Translation: "Ağır kirişi kamyonun üzerine kaldırmak için bir askı kullandılar."
16.Crane (n) / Vinç
•English Definition: A large, tall machine used for moving heavy objects by suspending them from a projecting arm or beam.
•Turkish Definition: Ağır nesneleri bir kola veya kirişe asarak hareket ettirmek için kullanılan büyük, uzun bir makine.
•Sample Sentence: "The crane lifted the steel beams to the top of the building."
•Turkish Translation: "Vinç, çelik kirişleri binanın tepesine kaldırdı."
17.Jib (n) / Kol
•English Definition: The projecting arm of a crane.
•Turkish Definition: Bir vincin uzayan kolu.
•Sample Sentence: "The jib of the crane swung over the construction site."
•Turkish Translation: "Vincin kolu inşaat alanının üzerine sallandı."
18.Grab (n) / Kavrama
•English Definition: A mechanical device or tool for grasping or holding objects.
•Turkish Definition: Nesneleri kavramak veya tutmak için mekanik bir cihaz veya araç.
•Sample Sentence: "The operator used a grab to lift the cargo from the ship."
•Turkish Translation: "Operatör, kargoyu gemiden kaldırmak için bir kavrama kullandı."
19.Get trapped (v) / Sıkışmak
•English Definition: To become caught or ensnared in something from which it is difficult to escape.
•Turkish Definition: Kaçışı zor olan bir şeyde yakalanmak veya tuzağa düşmek.
•Sample Sentence: "The worker got trapped under the collapsed scaffolding."
•Turkish Translation: "İşçi, çöken iskelenin altında sıkıştı."
20.Withdraw (v) / Çekilmek
•English Definition: To remove or take away something from a particular place or situation.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi belirli bir yerden veya durumdan çıkarmak veya almak.
•Sample Sentence: "The workers need to withdraw the belts before getting trapped under the heavy load.”
•Turkish Translation: " işçilerin kayışları ağır yükün altında sıkışmadan önce geri çekmeleri gerekiyor.”
21.Stonemason (n) / Taş ustası
•English Definition: A craftsman who shapes and dresses stones for building.
•Turkish Definition: Bina için taşları şekillendiren ve işleyen bir zanaatkar.
•Sample Sentence: "The stonemason carefully carved the details into the facade."
•Turkish Translation: "Taş ustası, cepheye detayları dikkatlice oydı."
22.Resin (n) / Reçine
•English Definition: A sticky substance that is produced by some trees and plants, used in making plastics and other products.
•Turkish Definition: Bazı ağaçlar ve bitkiler tarafından üretilen, plastikler ve diğer ürünlerin yapımında kullanılan yapışkan bir madde.
•Sample Sentence: "The sculpture was cast in a mould using a special type of resin."
•Turkish Translation: "Heykel, özel bir tür reçine kullanılarak bir kalıpta döküldü."
23.Bar (n) / Çubuk
•English Definition: A long, rigid piece of metal or wood.
•Turkish Definition: Metal veya ahşaptan yapılmış uzun, sert bir parça.
•Sample Sentence: "The bars were used to reinforce the concrete structure."
•Turkish Translation: "Çubuklar, beton yapıyı güçlendirmek için kullanıldı."
24.Lifting eyes (n) / Kaldırma halkaları
•English Definition: Devices attached to objects that allow them to be hooked and lifted with a crane or hoist.
•Turkish Definition: Nesnelere takılan ve onların bir vinç veya kriko ile kancalanıp kaldırılmasını sağlayan cihazlar.
•Sample Sentence: "The heavy equipment was equipped with lifting eyes for easy transportation."
•Turkish Translation: "Ağır ekipman, kolay taşıma için kaldırma halkaları ile donatılmıştı."
25.Drill (v) / Delmek
•English Definition: To make a hole in something with a rotating tool.
•Turkish Definition: Döner bir aletle bir şeyde delik açmak.
•Sample Sentence: "We need to drill holes in the wall for the shelves."
•Turkish Translation: "Raflar için duvarda delikler açmamız gerekiyor."
26.Drill (n) / Matkap
•English Definition: A tool or machine with a rotating cutting tip or reciprocating hammer or chisel, used for making holes.
•Turkish Definition: Delik açmak için dönen kesici uçlu veya gidip gelen çekiçli veya keskili bir alet veya makine.
•Sample Sentence: "The carpenter used a drill to make holes in the wood."
•Turkish Translation: "Marangoz, ahşapta delikler açmak için bir matkap kullandı."
27.Hook (v) / Takmak
•English Definition: To catch or attach something with a hook.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi bir kancayla yakalamak veya takmak.
•Sample Sentence: "You can hook your coat on the rack over there."
•Turkish Translation: "Paltonuzu oradaki askıya takabilirsiniz."
28.Hook (n) / Kanca
•English Definition: A curved or angular piece of metal or other hard substance for catching, pulling, holding, or suspending something.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyi yakalamak, çekmek, tutmak veya asmak için metal veya başka sert bir maddeden yapılmış kıvrık veya açılı bir parça.
•Sample Sentence: "The painter hung his brush on the hook."
•Turkish Translation: "Ressam, fırçasını kancaya astı."
29.Filler (n) / Dolgu
•English Definition: A material used to fill gaps or holes, especially in building and construction.
•Turkish Definition: Özellikle inşaat ve yapım işlerinde boşlukları veya delikleri doldurmak için kullanılan bir malzeme.
•Sample Sentence: "The cracks in the wall were repaired with a special filler."
•Turkish Translation: "Duvarlardaki çatlaklar, özel bir dolgu malzemesi ile tamir edildi."
30.Cut off (v) / Kesmek
•English Definition: To remove or separate by cutting.
•Turkish Definition: Keserek çıkarmak veya ayırmak.
•Sample Sentence: "The worker cut off the excess material with a saw."
•Turkish Translation: "İşçi, fazla malzemeyi bir testere ile kesti."
31.Envisage (v) / Öngörmek
•English Definition: To form a mental picture of something; to imagine or anticipate.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin zihinsel bir resmini oluşturmak; hayal etmek veya öngörmek.
•Sample Sentence: "The architects envisaged a modern design for the new building."
•Turkish Translation: "Mimarlar, yeni bina için modern bir tasarım öngördüler."
32.Offload (v) / Boşaltmak
•English Definition: To unload (cargo or goods) from a vehicle, ship, or other carrier.
•Turkish Definition: Bir araçtan, gemiden veya başka bir taşıyıcıdan (yük veya malları) boşaltmak.
•Sample Sentence: "The crew offloaded the supplies at the dock."
•Turkish Translation: "Ekip, malzemeleri iskeleye boşalttı."
33.Intact (adj) / Sağlam
•English Definition: Not damaged or impaired in any way; complete.
•Turkish Definition: Herhangi bir şekilde zarar görmemiş veya bozulmamış; tam.
•Sample Sentence: "Despite the storm, the ship arrived at the harbor intact."
•Turkish Translation: "Fırtınaya rağmen, gemi limana sağlam bir şekilde ulaştı."
34.Slot (n) / Yuva
•English Definition: A long, narrow aperture or slit in a machine for something to be inserted.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeyin takılabilmesi için bir makinede uzun, dar bir açıklık veya yarık.
•Sample Sentence: "Insert the card into the slot to start the machine."
•Turkish Translation: "Makineyi başlatmak için kartı yuvaya takın."
35.Groove (n) / Oluk
•English Definition: A long, narrow cut or depression in a hard material.
•Turkish Definition: Sert bir malzemede uzun, dar bir kesik veya çukur.
•Sample Sentence: "The carpenter cut grooves into the wood for the shelves."
•Turkish Translation: "Marangoz, raflar için ahşaba oluklar kesti."
36.Spacer (n) / Ayırıcı
•English Definition: A device or piece used to maintain a specified distance between objects.
•Turkish Definition: Nesneler arasında belirli bir mesafeyi korumak için kullanılan bir cihaz veya parça.
•Sample Sentence: "Spacers were used to evenly distribute the tiles on the floor."
•Turkish Translation: "Döşemeleri yerde eşit bir şekilde dağıtmak için ayırıcılar kullanıldı."
37.To be subjected to (v) / Maruz kalmak
•English Definition: To be exposed or made to undergo something.
•Turkish Definition: Bir şeye maruz kalmak veya bir şeyi geçirmek zorunda olmak.
•Sample Sentence: "The material is subjected to extreme temperatures during the test."
•Turkish Translation: "Malzeme, test sırasında aşırı sıcaklıklara maruz kalır."
38.Fragility (n) / Kırılganlık
•English Definition: The quality of being easily broken or damaged.
•Turkish Definition: Kolayca kırılabilen veya zarar görebilen olma özelliği.
•Sample Sentence: "The fragility of the ancient vase required careful handling."
•Turkish Translation: "Antik vazonun kırılganlığı, dikkatli bir şekilde ele alınmasını gerektirdi."
39.Fragile (adj) / Kırılgan
•English Definition: Easily broken or damaged.
•Turkish Definition: Kolayca kırılan veya zarar gören.
•Sample Sentence: "Handle the glassware; it's very fragile."
•Turkish Translation: "Cam eşyaları dikkatli kullanın; çok kırılgandır."
40.Technical possibility (n) / Teknik olasılık
•English Definition: The feasibility of something based on technical factors or considerations.
•Turkish Definition: Teknik faktörler veya düşünceler temelinde bir şeyin uygulanabilirliği.
•Sample Sentence: "The technical possibility of the new invention excited the engineers."
•Turkish Translation: "Yeni icadın teknik olasılığı mühendisleri heyecanlandırdı."
READING
Read the the text below and answer the questions (B1 level):
“Solving the Bridge Challenge”
In the small town of Rivertown, the old bridge connecting the two parts of the town over the river was showing signs of wear and tear. The local council decided it was time to address this engineering challenge. They called upon a team of ingenious engineers to come up with a solution that was both effective and feasible.
The team started with a brainstorming session. Each member contributed ideas spontaneously, aiming to find a creative yet practical way to replace the old bridge. They discussed various technical possibilities, considering the fragility of the existing structure and the logistics of building a new one without disrupting the daily life of Rivertown's residents.
One engineer suggested using a life-sized model to envisage the new bridge's design. This idea was soon to be completed with the help of 3D printing technology, allowing the team and the council to see a physical representation of the proposed solution.
As the project progressed, the team worked continually to ensure that every aspect of the bridge's construction was overseen with great care. They decided to use resin and metal bars to reinforce the structure, making it more resilient than the old bridge. Special attention was given to the design of the plinth and the statue that would stand at the entrance of the bridge, serving as a tribute to Rivertown's history.
To ensure the safety and durability of the bridge, the engineers subjected the materials to rigorous testing. They drilled into samples to check their strength and used spacers to test the load distribution. Every step was meticulously planned and executed, from the carving of decorative elements to the installation of lifting eyes for the heavy components.
The project was a technical challenge that required the team to figure out innovative solutions for every problem they encountered. They had to cut off parts that didn't fit, withdraw plans that were not feasible, and offload materials carefully to keep everything intact.
Thanks to the team's hard work and creativity, the new bridge was completed on schedule. The crane, with its long jib, placed the final piece of the structure, and the grab was used for the last time to remove the construction debris. The town celebrated as the bridge was opened, marking a new chapter in Rivertown's history.
The success of the Rivertown bridge project was a testament to the power of engineering ingenuity and teamwork. It showed how, by continually seeking solutions and being prepared to adapt and refine ideas, engineers can overcome challenges and make a lasting impact on their communities.
1. Why did the town council need to address the old bridge?
(a) It was too expensive to maintain. (b) It was no longer safe for use.
(c) It didn't match the town's aesthetics. (d) It couldn't handle the increasing traffic.
2. What was the main goal of the brainstorming session?
(a) To collect donations for the new bridge. (b) To criticize the existing bridge design.
(c) To generate ideas for the new bridge. (d) To choose a construction company for the project.
3. What helped the team visualize the new bridge design?
(a) A life-sized model created with 3D printing. (b) Hand-drawn sketches and models.
(c) Photographs of similar bridges from other towns. (d) Detailed computer simulations.
4. What materials were used to reinforce the new bridge structure?
(a) Wood and concrete (b) Resin and metal bars (c) Steel beams and rivets (d) Stone and bricks
5. What was the purpose of the statue at the entrance of the bridge?
(a) As a tribute to Rivertown's history. (b) To collect tolls. (c) To generate electricity. (d) To monitor traffic.
6. What was the purpose of using spacers during testing?
(a) To measure the bridge's weight capacity. (b) To test the strength of the decorative elements.
(c) To check the stability of the foundation. (d) To distribute the load evenly across the structure.
7. What happened when the team encountered problems during construction?
(a) They stopped the project and started over. (b) They ignored the problems and continued building.
(c) They adapted their plans and found solutions. (d) They asked for help from a different engineering team.
8. How was the final piece of the bridge structure placed?
(a) By hand, using ropes and pulleys. (b) With a crane equipped with a long jib.
(c) By lowering it slowly into position with a barge. (d) Using a helicopter to transport it to the desired location.
ANSWERS and EXPLANATIONS
1. Answer: (b) It was no longer safe for use.
•Explained in the first sentence: "the old bridge connecting the two parts of the town over the river was showing signs of wear and tear."
2. Answer: (c) To generate ideas for the new bridge.
•Mentioned in the second paragraph: "They started with a brainstorming session... aiming to find a creative yet practical way to replace the old bridge."
3. Answer: (a) A life-sized model created with 3D printing.
•Described in the third paragraph: "One engineer suggested using a life-sized model... soon to be completed with the help of 3D printing technology."
4. Answer: (b) Resin and metal bars.
•Stated in the fourth paragraph: "They decided to use resin and metal bars to reinforce the structure..."
5. Answer: (a) As a tribute to Rivertown's history.
•Mentioned in the fourth paragraph: “Special attention was given to the design of the plinth and the statue that would stand at the entrance of the bridge, serving as a tribute to Rivertown's history.”
6. Answer: (d) To distribute the load evenly across the structure.
•The purpose of spacers is explained in the fifth paragraph: "...using spacers to test the load distribution."
7. Answer: (c) They adapted their plans and found solutions.
•Described in the sixth paragraph: "The project was a technical challenge... They had to cut off parts... withdraw plans... and offload materials carefully..."
8. Answer: (b) With a crane equipped with a long jib.
•The final placement is described in the last paragraph: "The crane, with its long jib, placed the final piece..."
Instructions: Fill in the blanks in the text with the most appropriate vocabulary word from the list below.
Words: a.lifting eyes b.crane c. resin d. logistics e. oversee f. carve g. plinth h. filler i. jib j. life-sized k. figure out l. brainstorming
The old bridge was showing its age, so the town council decided to build a new one. A team of ingenious engineers gathered for a ______ (1) session to come up with ideas. They wanted to create a design that was both beautiful and functional.
One idea was to ______ (2) a statue of the town founder onto a granite ______ (3). Another idea was to use a ______ (4) model to visualize the bridge in detail. This would help them ______ (5) any potential problems before construction began.
The construction process itself was a complex undertaking. The team had to ______ (6) the delivery of materials, manage the ______ (7) of a large workforce, and ensure that everything was built to code. They used a ______ (8) with a long ______ (9) to lift heavy beams into place. Special ______ (10) were attached to the beams for safe lifting.
The engineers also used ______ (11) to reinforce the structure and ______ (12) to fill in any gaps. They were careful to cut off nothing that could compromise the bridge's integrity.
Finally, the day arrived to offload the last piece of the bridge. The crowd cheered as the crane carefully lowered it into place. The new bridge was intact, a testament to the hard work and ingenuity of the team. It would stand for generations to come, a symbol of the town's progress.
Answers: 1. l - brainstorming 2. carve - f 3. plinth - g 4. life-sized - j 5. figure out - k 6. oversee - e 7. logistics – d 8. crane - b 9. jib - i 10. lifting eyes - a 11. resin - c 12. filler - h
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